week 14

Question 1

In order to understand social and personality development in children, it is necessary to examine them from three different perspectives. They are the child’s:

Answer 1

social context, biological maturation, and developing sense of self.

Question 2

Millie’s parents respond to her in a sensitive manner, reinforcing her belief that they can be relied upon in times of need. As a result, Millie is most likely to develop a(n) ______attachment.

Answer 2

secure

Question 3

Which laboratory procedure, designed to assess attachment styles in children, involves exposing a child to separation from their caregiver followed by a reunification?

Answer 3

the Strange Situation

Question 4

Nick and Brenda are very attentive parents. They are encouraging and warm, yet they are firm with boundaries and make sure the rules of the house are clearly communicated. When their kids make mistakes, Nick and Brenda try to use them as learning experiences, even when punishment is administered. What kind of parenting style is this?

Answer 4

authoritative

Question 5

13-year old Kanwell’s parents are going through a divorce. They are not openly hostile to each other and are trying to handle this life change in a civil and pleasant manner. According to the research, which of the following is most likely for Kanwell?

Answer 5

he will not have long-term problems with his adjustment

Question 6

_______ is essential in helping a child learn the mutual, sometimes complex coordination of goals, actions, and understanding?

Answer 6

play

Question 7

Jillian and her mom are playing on the swing set at the park. A man walks up to them. When Jillian sees her mother smile and speak warmly to the man Jillian relaxes. Jillian has used ______to evaluate this individual.

Answer 7

social referencing

Question 8

Maximillian is trying to figure out what his baby sister, Lilah, wants and why she is crying.

Answer 8

theory of mind

Question 9

A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior.

Answer 9

Authoritative

Question 10

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct.

Answer 10

Conscience

Question 11

A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents’ depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting.

Answer 11

Family Stress Model

Question 12

Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children’s thinking about gender.

Answer 12

Gender schemas

Question 13

Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior.

Answer 13

Theory of mind

Question 14

The process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain.

Answer 14

Social referencing

Question 15

The ______ function of emotion refers to an individual’s internal physiological and psychological emotional responses.

Answer 15

intrapersonal

Question 16

The ______ function of emotion refers to the effect of one person’s emotions on other people or on the relationship between people.

Answer 16

interpersonal

Question 17

Emotions prepare us for behavior by ______ various systems like attention, memory, and motivation.

Answer 17

coordinating

Question 18

What do people generally feel when they see someone who has a look of distress?

Answer 18

sympathy

Question 19

In a classic study, infants who saw their mothers’ ______ were the most likely to crawl across the visual cliff.

Answer 19

joy

Question 20

Cultures develop “worldviews” of emotions. What do these worldviews teach members of that culture?

Answer 20

the most desirable emotions and behaviors for that society

Question 21

This refers to the process whereby individuals look for information from others to clarify a situation, and then use that information to act. Thus, individuals will often use the emotional expressions of others as a source of information to make decisions about their own behavior.

Answer 21

Social referencing

Question 22

Wyatt, a 12-month-old baby, was upset when his mother left. When she returned, he crawled over to her and happily hugged her. He is displaying a(n) ______attachment to his mother.

Answer 22

secure

Question 23

Harry Harlow’s research revealed that young macaque monkeys were comforted by ______.

Answer 23

physical contact with soft cloth

Question 24

When faced with a challenging task, secure children are most likely to do what?

Answer 24

keep going, persist

Question 25

Someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual.

Answer 25

attachment figure

Question 26

(also called “attachment styles” or “attachment orientations”) Individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships.

Answer 26

attachment patterns

Question 27

Infants express the following emotions from birth, interest, distress, disgust, happiness. This is a sign of what process?

Answer 27

Socio-Emotional

Question 28

The sharing of subjective states (e.g., goals, intentions, emotions) between two or more individuals

Answer 28

Intersubjectivity

Question 29

Ability to share attention towards
something with others

Answer 29

Joint attention

Question 30

A strong emotional connection, such as the bond between a child and caregiver.

Answer 30

Attachment

Question 31

Pre-attachment

Answer 31

0 - 6 weeks

Question 32

Attachment in the making

Answer 32

6 weeks to 8 months

Question 33

Clear-cut attachment

Answer 33

8 months to 18 months

Question 34

Reciprocal relationship

Answer 34

18-24 months+

Question 35

Signs of distress that infants start to show towards strangers

Answer 35

Stranger anxiety

Question 36

Each infant’s individual pattern of
behaviours and emotional reactions.

Answer 36

Temperament