Week 13 - Parenting & Siblings

Question 1

Research on parenting limitations

Answer 1

• WEIRD samples
• Moms
• Heterosexual couples
• Biological families

Question 2

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 2

• High control and high warmth
• Set clear standards and limits
• Allow autonomy
• Attentive and responsive
• Respect and consider child’s perspective

Question 3

Authoritative Parenting effect on child

Answer 3

• Competent, self-assured, and well liked by peers
• Better control
• Low in antisocial behavior

Question 4

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 4

• High control and low warmth
• Non-responsive to children’s needs and interests
• Enforce their own demands
• Oriented towards obedience and authority
• Expect compliance without questions or explanations

Question 5

Authoritarian Parenting effect on child

Answer 5

• Low in social and academic competence
• Unhappy and withdrawn
• Boys are more hostile

Question 6

Permissive Parenting

Answer 6

• High in warmth and low in control
• Responsiveness
• Do not require child’s self-regulation or appropriate/mature behavior

Question 7

Permissive Parenting effect on child

Answer 7

• Impulsive
• Lacking in self-control
• Lower in school achievement
• Adolescents
  * More school misconduct and drug use

Question 8

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 8

• Low on warmth and low on control
• Do monitor the child’s behavior
• Do not interact much with the child
• Not supportive, may be rejecting or neglectful
• Focus on their own needs

Question 9

Uninvolved Parenting effect on child

Answer 9

• Insecure attachment
• Poor peer relationships
• Adolescents:
• Antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, internalizing
problems, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, low
academic and social competence

Question 10

Positive Parent Behaviors

Answer 10

Warmth & Responsiveness

Question 11

Negative Parent Behaviors

Answer 11

• Control
• Coercion
• Negative emotionality

Question 12

Parental responsiveness and development

Answer 12

• associated with improved cognitive and social development

- Intervention study provides evidence of a causal link

Question 13

Affectivity and parenting

Answer 13

• Negative affectivity is associated with more negative parenting
• Positive affectivity is associated with more positive parenting

Question 14

Parenting and Children’s Behavior: Evoked Effects

Answer 14

• Harsh parenting
• Control, coercion, displays of negative affect
• Harsh parenting is linked to:
• Greater negativity in young children
• Greater antisocial behavior including aggression and rule breaking in older children

Question 15

Coercive cycle in harsh parenting

Answer 15

Coercive cycles develop in which harsh parenting leads to more negativity and aggression by child, which then increases harsh parenting

Question 16

Sibling Relationships as a Unique Developmental Context

Answer 16

(1) Characterized by both reciprocal and complementary interactions
• Reciprocal interactions: characterized by equal and returned exchanges
• Complementary interactions: characterized by unequal distributions of power and knowledge
• Siblings engage in both
• Similar in age
• Different in age

(2) Involuntary
Young siblings typically share living space and cannot withdraw from each other
Throughout life, have common family relationships that will bind them together

(3) Lifelong
For many of us, the longest relationship you have will be with a sibling

Question 17

Sibling Conflict

Answer 17

Relationships high in conflict/hostility are characterized by:
       • Arguing
       • Fighting
       • Aggression
       • Coercion
       • Negative affect

• Observational studies have shown that preschool siblings are in conflict once every 10 minutes
  • Adolescents perceive that they have more conflicts with siblings than with anybody else

Question 18

What do siblings fight about?

Answer 18

• In childhood: physical harm, psychological harm, fairness
• In adolescence: fairness and inequality
• Sister-sister pairs: conflicts in the personal domain were as common as fairness and inequality

Question 19

What emotions are involved in sibling conflict?

Answer 19

Anger

Question 20

Types of harm in transgressions b/w siblings/friends

Answer 20

Offensive behavior
Physical harm
Property-related harm
Relationship-based harm
Honesty/insensitivity

Question 21

Reasons for harm in transgressions b/w siblings/friends

Answer 21

Unintentional
Benevolent
Emotional/impulsive
Provocation
Extenuating circumstances

Question 22

Ruthlessness in transgressions b/w siblings/friends

Answer 22

• Disregard for victim’s feelings by deliberately engaging in action clearly understood to be harmful
• Using harmful means when the goal could be achieved another way

Question 23

Harm against friends

Answer 23

• Harm against friends was relationship-oriented or related to honesty/insensitivity
  • Harm against friends described as being due to benevolent reasons and extenuating circumstances more than was harm against siblings

Question 24

Harm against siblings

Answer 24

• Harm against siblings was offensive and property oriented
• Harm against siblings described as being due to emotional/impulsive reasons or being provoked
• Harm against siblings was more likely than harm against
friends to be ruthless and described as typical of the relationship
• Participants were more likely to invoke moral concerns in the sibling context

1) Frequent
2) Intense
3) Affectively charged
4) More destructive than conflict with friends

Question 25

Aggression by Siblings

Answer 25

Sibling aggression is so common, it is viewed as normative, and not of clinical concern • DSM-5 criteria for oppositional defiant disorder state that if the symptoms – including vindictiveness and spitefulness – are only present in interaction with siblings, the diagnosis should not be given But, there is mounting evidence that sibling aggression can be harmful • Consequences for victims • Consequences for aggressors

Question 26

Effects of victimization by siblings

Answer 26

* Compared to those who reported no victimization by siblings, youth who reported frequent victimization by a sibling reported: * Greater anxiety and depression at 18-years-of-age * Engaging in greater self-harm behaviors at 18-years-of-age

Question 27

Sibling Warmth

Answer 27

``` Warm relationships are characterized by: • Intimacy • Affection • Support • Companionship ``` - Greater sibling warmth is prospectively associated with better functioning • For example, increased sibling intimacy is linked to decreased depressive symptoms over time

Question 28

Sibling Warmth and Sibling Conflict

Answer 28

Children in harmonious sibling relationships reported the best overall adjustment • Least anxiety/depression and aggressive behavior problems • Highest competence Children in the hostile sibling relationships reported the poorest overall adjustment • More aggressive and less self-perceived competence than children in the affectively intense relationship • Warmth may be protective * Brother-brother and older brother-younger sister pairs more likely to be conflictual * Sister-sister pairs more likely to be harmonious

Question 29

Why Would We Want to Improve Sibling Relationships?

Answer 29

``` (1) Benefits for the children • Better relationship with sibling • Opportunity to learn important skills • Conflict resolution • Perspective taking (2) Benefits for the family • Sibling conflict exerts a negative impact on family climate • Many parents are distressed by fighting between their children (3) Feasibility • Non-stigmatizing • Lots of opportunities to practice ```

Question 30

Helping Children Learn to Resolve their Own Conflicts

Answer 30

* Teach parents to mediate their conflicts * Help children arrive at their own resolution * To do this: * Set ground rules * Identify the conflict issue * Foster mutual understanding and build empathy * Participants propose, assess, and adopt resolutions

Question 31

Decreasing Conflict and Increasing | Warmth in Sibling Relationships

Answer 31

* Goal for many parents will be to decrease fighting and aggression between siblings * Teaching parents how to provide consequences for aggressive behavior and negative conflict tactics will reduce those behaviors * However, decreasing aggression will not necessarily translate into an increase warmth