Week 10 - Emotions Flashcards by Laura Parodi

What are Emotions?

Transient states

(1) Behaviour
(2) Physiological response
(3) Subjective internal state

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How is emotion shown through behavior?

Facial expressions
Vocal cues (Pitch, Intensity, Speed)
Other behaviors (Freezing, Withdrawing, Laughing, Crying)

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How is emotion shown through physiological responses?

Autonomic nervous system (Sweat, Heart rate)
Startle:
• Response to a sudden, intense stimulus
• Tensing of back and neck muscles
• Eye blink

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How is emotion shown through subjective experience?

Person’s report of how they are feeling
• Positive and Negative Affect Scale
• Rate how often you have felt this way today from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very)
• Miserable Mad Afraid Scared Sad
• Joyful Cheerful Happy Lively Proud

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Why Do We Have Emotions?

Functional approach
Mobilize and coordinate our response systems
Communicate our needs to others and shape interpersonal behaviors of others

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How do we measure emotions in infancy?

Facial expressions
Vocal cues
Posture

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Facial Action Coding System

Code movement of 44 facial muscles

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What Emotions Do Infants Display?

Infants make facial expressions that correspond to discrete emotions
• But ….
• Untrained adults do not reliably differentiate among them
• Babies do not make these facial expressions in the expected situations

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The Emotional Lives of Infants

Facial expressions of infants can be reliably coded
• By 6 months of age, infants show the basic emotions
• Joy, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger, fear
• Untrained adults do not differentiate among these negative facial expressions
• The vocalizations laughing and crying are linked to positive and negative affect

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The Emotional Lives of Toddlers and Preschoolers

Tantrums are an expression of distress in toddlers and preschool-aged children
Acoustic properties of scream and yell differ from
those of whine and cry
• Scream/yell acoustically similar to adult anger (e.g, high pitch); Yelling, hitting, kicking: anger
• Whine/cry acoustically similar to adult sadness (e.g., lower pitch); Whining, crying, comfort seeking: sadness

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Complex emotions in toddlers and preschoolers

Differentiation of negative affect
• Emergence of complex emotions
Self-conscious thought
• Envy
• Simple embarrassment
Incorporation of rules and norms
• Complex embarrassment
• Shame

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Pride and Shame in 3 yo

hard/easy puzzle study
3-year-olds express shame and price under the same conditions as adults
• Evaluation of task is necessary

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Daily Experience of Affect During Adolescence

On average, positive affect decreases across adolescents

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What Is Emotion Regulation?

Internal and external processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and modulating the occurrence, intensity, and expression of emotions

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Internal Emotion Regulation

Cognitive re-appraisal
Suppression of behavioral signals of emotion
Distraction
Self-soothing

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External Emotion Regulation

Co-regulation

Emotion Regulation in Newborns

Newborns are completely dependent on caregivers for emotion regulation

Emotion Regulation in 3 mo

Early self-soothing

Emotion Regulation in 3-6 mo

Shift attention from a negative stimuli to a positive stimuli

Emotion Regulation in 1 yo

More complex motor responses
• Retreat, reach, self-soothing
• Explicitly social signaling
• Recognize that others can help them and seek that out

Emotion Regulation in 2 yo

Can use different strategies to manage affective states
• Can respond to caregiver directives
• Better language skills provide new opportunities

Emotion Regulation During Adolescence

voluntary/involuntary engagement/disengagement

Voluntary engagement

Problem-solving
Emotional expression
Cognitive reappraisal

Involuntary engagement

Rumination

Voluntary disengagement

- denial | - avoidance

Involuntary disengagement

- escape | - cognitive interference

What strategies did adolescents report using more to regulate emotion?

Reported using more voluntary engagement strategies than involuntary engagement and disengagement strategies

How were strategies associated with current negative affect?

Disengagement and involuntary engagement predicted greater anger and sadness No strategy was associated with decreased negative

Emotional Recognition in Infancy (visual)

By 3 months of age, infants can tell when the same person is making a different emotional facial expression • Between 4 and 6 months of age, may be able to discriminate facial expressions posed by different people • In general, there is agreement that by 6 months of age, infants can discriminate facial expressions • Less agreement about whether younger infants can do this

Emotional Recognition in Infancy (auditory)

There is evidence that by 6-months-of-age, infants can discriminate between both facial and vocal expressions • But ... • Evidence is not consistent • These studies have not used “real” emotional expressions • Discrimination is not recognition

Peek-a-boo Study

suggest that 4-month-olds • Discriminate facial expressions • Recognize facial expressions

Age difference in recognizing happiness

1. No age differences in recognition at peak intensity 2. No age differences in threshold (25%) 3. 5-year-olds misidentified happiness more often than did adults, but 7-year-olds were adult like

Age difference in recognizing anger

1. No difference between age groups at 100% intensity 2. All three groups of children had higher thresholds (24-28%) than adults did (21%) 3. No age group differences in misidentification

Age difference in recognizing sadness

1. At 100%, 7-year-olds were less accurate than were adults 2. 5- and 7-year-olds had a higher threshold to identify an emotion (42%) than did adults (31%) 3. 7-year-olds made more misidentification errors than did adults

Age difference in recognizing surprise

1. 5-year-olds were less accurate than were adults at 100% intensity 2. 5-year-olds had higher thresholds (35.2%) than did adults (20.2%) 3. 5- and 7-year-olds made more misidentifications than did adults

Which emotions are more difficult to recognize and which are easier?

* Happiness, anger, and fear are easier | * Surprise, sadness, and disgust are harder

When is recognition of facial expressions adult-like?

10- to 11-years-of-age Variability across emotions • Recognition of happiness, fear, and anger become adult-like between 5- to 7-years • Sadness, surprise, and disgust become adult-like between 7- to 10-years

When is recognition of vocal expression of emotion adult-like?

later than recognition of facial expressions • 10- and 11-year-olds less accurate than adults at identifying angry, sad, fearful and vocal expressions at 100% intensity • Improvement from 8- to 17-years-of-age in recognition of vocal expressions of affect

Vocal and semantic cues in emotion recognition

* Between ages of 4- and 10-years, children show a semantic bias * Rely on what is being said, rather than how it is being said