Week 13 Lecture (STIs and Contraception) Flashcards
Can Herpes Be transmitted via toilet seats
No
Define Prevalence
total number of cases of a diseas in a population; expressed as percent
why is term STI used instead of STD
STI means infected, but STD means there are symptoms and the STI is changing body functions
Define STI
infection of individual with sexually transmitted pathogen (bacteria, parasite, or virus)
Do STI’s have to have symptoms
all STIs can be asymptomatic, but if they have symptoms = changing body functions = STD
describe a bacterial STI and give examples
caused by bacteria, mostly cured with antibiotics, serious conditions arise if untreated ex chlamydia gonnorrhea syphilis
describe viral STI and give examples
caused by virus, most cannot be cured but can be managed, ex HPv, herpes and Hepatitis B
Describe Parasitic STI and give examples
caused by organisms that feed off body, easy to treat and cure ex: trichomoniasis and pubic lice
Describe Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID
painful, inflammation of uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, caused by one or more untreated STI
Describe Urethritis
painful inflammation of urethra, caused by one or more untreated STI
Describe Epydidymitis
painful swelling and inflamation of epydidymis, caused by one or more untreated STI
Describe Chlamydia Trachomatis
Chlamydia: most common reportable STI in canada, mostly asymptomatic (75% of females and 50% o males),
Chlamydia Symptoms for males
burning while peeing, irritation/inflammation of urethra opening, white, thick cloudy discharge from penis or anus
Chlamydia symptoms in women
thick white cloudy discharge from vagina or anus, pelvic pain, irritation, increased menstrual pain
how is chlamydia transmitted
most common through penile vaginal sex, can be in oral sex, childbirth or spread to ones eye
potential health outcomes of chlamydia if left untreated
usually symptoms goes away in a month, but still infectious, could lead to reduced fertility, PID and fallopian tube scarring in women or urethritis and epydidimytis in men
How does fallopian tube scarring affect women
reduce fertility by causing possibility of blockage of path for sperm or egg, also possibility of ectopic pregnancy
How do they diagnose chlamydia
swab cervix, vagina or anus, or urine test
whats treatment for chlamydia
oral antibiotics
why is chlamydia underdiagnosed
asymptomatic most of the tim
Some things that make you more susceptible to chlamydia
new partner or more than 2 in past year, previous STI, sexually active under age of 25, or vulnerable populations
what are some STI vulnurable populations
inject drugs, incarcerated individuals, street youth
Describe Neisseria Gonorrhea
Gonnorhea, also clap, drip, burn
second most common among reportable STI
main sites of infection for gonnorhea
vagina, cervix, urethra, anus rectum throat eyes
Gonnorhea symptoms
frequently asymptomatic, cloudy yellowish greenish discharge from vagina urethra or anus, throat pain, burning while pee
health outcomes from gonnorhea
male: epydidymitis, scarring of urethra
Female: pain during sex, vagina bleeding, complications during pregnancy
What is Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)
complication from gonnorhea, with skin rashes and joint pain possibility for arthritis or meningitis, minimal genital symptoms
How is gonnorhea transmitted
penile vaginal, anal, oral, pregnancy, spread to eyes
Can gonnorhea lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
yes, can also lead to scarring of fallopian tubes
can gonnorhea cause epydidymitis and urethritis
yes
how to diagnose gonnorhea
swab, urine or blood test,
how to treat gonnorhea
antibiotics
whats an increasing concern with gonnorhea
drug resistant strains
some factors that increase gonnorhea risk
previous STI, sexually active under 25, new sex partner or multiple, vulnerable groups, unprotected sex gay ppl
Describe Syphilis
one of earliest recorded STI, before pennicilin discovered in 1940, 50000 ppl would be infected per year, there is 4 stages of infection
Primary Syphilis (first stage)
swelling lymph nodes nearsite of contact, ulcers, not painful so could go unnoticed if inside vagina, if untreated will go to secondary syphilis
Secondary syphilis (stage 2)
rash on palms, feet, trunk, patches of erosion or white skin in mouth, fever, weight loss, hair loss
Latent Stage Syphilis (stage 3)
no symptoms can last for decades
Tertiary stage Siphylis (stage 4)
systemic effects like brain dammage to death
how is syphilis transmitted
sex, anal, oral, injecting, pregnancy
factors making you more susceptible to syphilis
gay, vulnurable groups, multi sex partners, previous STI
how diagnose and treat syphilis
diagnose through visual inspection of primary and secondary syphilis, blood test, treat using antibiotic: pennicilin
Describe the Tuskgee Syphilis Study
1932 in Tuskgee alabama, recruited 600 black men, 400 with syphilis, and study lasted 40 years (was supposed to just be 6 months), penicillin invented in 1943 but study went on and made them not use syphilis and 100 participants died due to it
Which of the following is not a viral STI?
A) HIV
B) Herpes
C) HPV
D) None of the above
D, all are viruses
Herpes description
Herpes Simplex Virus
HSV Type 1: orolabial and anogenital
HSV Type 2: anogenital
no cure for herpes
herpes symptoms
blisters, they can open crust over and dissapeear
herpes transmission
genitals, anal, mouth, childbirth, can be given from asymptomatic people, and most people are infected but asymptomatic
whats asymptomatic viral shedding
transmitted virus from asymptomatic individuals
whats reportable disease
disease gets reported to public health, and track down past partners to let them know anonymously
Herpes potential health outcomes
blisters infected, urinary tract probles, but blister outbreaks decrease over time
Herpese diagnosis
visual, swab, for lesions blood test for antibodies
Herpes treatment
Antiherpetics, Antivirals, supressive therapy recommended for people who have 6 or more outbreaks a year
how many outbreaks is enough to undergo suppressive therapy for herpes
6 or more a year
do condoms good for herpes prevention
condoms dont fully protect
is herpes reportable
no, very prevalent but we dont know exact prevalence in canada
Describe Human Papillomavirus
HPV, more than 40 types of it, possibly most prevalent STI in Canada, there is low risk and high risk types but its non reportable
HPV symptoms
mostly asymptomatic, warts in gentials or non genital parts,
HPV may result in abnormal BLANK exam
Pap exam
Describe Low risk type HPV
type 6 and 11, genital warts
Describe high risk type HPV
type 16 and 18, cervical cancers, 13 high risk strains
HPV transmission
skin skin, genital, oral, anal, digital genital, reingection,
what percent canadian will be infected with HPV at some point
75%
What happens to most HPV cases within 1-2 years
most cases clear 1-2 years cuz of immune system
How diagnose HPV
visual exam if warts, HPV assessed via Pap Smear for precancerous changes to Cervix, HPV DNA test
how to treat HPV genital warts
remove via cryosurgery, laser or topic medication
treating precancerous part of Cervix from HPV
cryosurgery
How to treat HPV related Cancers
chemo, surgery, radiation
What STIs are screened via Pap test/smear?
A) HPV
B) HPV, chlamydia
C) HPV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea
D) None
None, Pap smear done in cervix to test for precancerous or cancerous cervix
What are the Cervical Cancer Screening guidlines
get pap test every 3 years aged 25-69, even if vaccinated
2 vaccines for preventing HPV
Gardasil 9 and Cervarix
what types HPV does Gardasil 9 protect from
16, 18 = high risk ones and 6 and 11 = low risk ones for a total of 9 types
what type HPV does Cervarix protect from
only 2 types, the high risk 16 and 18
Describe Human Immunodefeciency Virus
HIV, depletes CD4 T cells, damagin immune system, leading to opportunistic infection and death without treatment
HIV symptoms
can be asymptomatic for years, flu like symptoms, fatigue weight loss, yeast infections
HIV transmission
Sexual contact, Blood exposure, Perinatal (parents)
what makes you more susceptible to HIV
unprotected sex, lack of knowledge, services, inject drugs vulnerable groups
Risk of HIV is high or low from vaginal intercourse
low, generally low for everything
HIV potential health outcomes
without treatment, aids and death, long asymptomatic period can mean ppl don’t know and infect others
HIV outcomes with sustained antiretroviral therapy
virus become sundetectable in blood and fluids, immune damage stopped and transmission is unlikely, near normal life span
whats the natural progression of HIV
infected, CD4 T cells go down drastically, then gets buffered, but then CD4 T cells go down slowly and get so low that constitutional symptoms happen, opportunistic diseases then death
what are opportunistic disease in context of HIV
diseases that wouldnt kill you or get you sick with normal CD4 T cells, but because CD4 T cells so low, they could kill u
describe HIV Treatment, ARV
Anti Retroviral treatment, can make viral load so low, the person will be chilling, but if ARV stopped, HIV will come back so its not a cure
HIV Diagnosis and treatment
blood tests to find antibodies
how long can it take after infection to develop antibodies that are detectable by blood tests
3 months
HIV prevention
condoms, treat other STIs, if at high risk us PrEP, if exposed use PEP, fight HIV stigma
whats PrEP
pre exposure therapy to HIV, for high risk people to HIV to prevent it
whats PEP
ARV for people exposed to HIV
Whats AIDS
when your CD4-T cells are too low
How can hepatitis B virus be transmitted?
A) Blood contact
B) Sexual contact (bodily fluids)
C) Sharing sex toys
D) All of the above
All of the above
what are the 3 types of viral hepatitis
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Hepatits B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
what people are at risk to Hepatits A
closed communities like prisons, contaminated food or water, prevalent among MSM - food and water
Who is at risk to Hepatitis B
people in countries where blood products are not screened - blood
who is at risk to Hepatits C
people who inejct drugs or blood products not screened
how to transmit HAV
fecal oral, anal oral, fecal food
transmit HBV
blood contact, sex contact, drug use
transmit HCV
blood contact, IV drug use
Symptoms of HAV HBV or HCV
jaundice (yellowing or skin/eyes) flu like symptoms
Treatment for HAV
vaccine
treatment for HBV
antiviral drugs
treatment for HCV
antiviral drugs
which of hepatitis’ is uncurable
HBV
which of hepatitis is from poop, other ones are from blood
HAV
Trichomoniasis describe
trichomonas Vaginalis, most common parasitic sti, uncommon in canada, spreads from sex
Trichomoniasis symptoms in men and women
men usually asympomatic, if symptoms, irritation of urethra and slight discharge
women yellow or greenish vaginal discharge with bad odor, but could also be asymptomatic
potential health outcomes of trichomoniasis
infertility, PID, cervical cancer, inflammation uterus, endometritis, premature delivery
Diagnosis and treatment of Trichomoniasis
swab vagina or urethra to identify parasite, oral medication but its high risk for reinfection, all partners of infected person must be treated at same time
Pubic lice description
also called crabs, different than head lice, feeds off hosts blood and can survive only 1 day without host, can be transmitted from sex or bed sheets
pubic lice symptoms
itching, adult lice can be seen, eggs laid at base of pubic hairs
how big are adult pubic lice
sesame seed
diagnosing pubic lice and treatment
visual, prescription shampoo and wash all bedding and clothes in hot water
whats STI screening
testing for STI in absence of symptoms
whats STI testing
testing for STI with symptoms or reason to believe you may have been exposed
ways to prevent STI
get tested often
obtian accurate info
overcome unhealthy emotions about sex
communicate effectively
realize drugs and alcohol make bad decisions
reduce ur risk sensibly
what are all the reportable STI
gonorrhea
chlamydia
Syphilis
HIV
Hepatits A B C
In what year did Canada’s Criminal Code make the use and sale of contraceptives
illegal?
A) 1692
B) 1792
C) 1892
D) 1992
1892
what does contraception mean
against fertilization, but could also prevent STI
some ancient forms of birth control
silphium plant that went exitinct cuz so popular or ingesting poison
what year was the baby boom and why was birth control more acceptable then
1960, population control scare
what year did birth control be legalized
1969
define abstinence
avoiding all sexual activity, very good contraceptive but need a backup plan cuz overreliance leaves people unprepared if they change their mind
what are natural birth control methods
using fertility awareness to track menstrual cycle and only have sex at times to avoid prego
describe sympto-thermal aproach to contraceptive
Natural method, woman charts her body temp cuz its 0.2 degrees higher post ovulation and also the cervical position is farthest away from vag opening when ovulation approaching
is cervix near opening or far away near ovulation
far away
describe the rhythm method of contraception
natural contraception method: calendar based, take last 12 cycles, subtract 20 from shortest cycle and 10 from longest and between those 2 are the fertile days to abstain from sex
describe standard days method of natural contraception
is a more accurate variation of rhythm method; assume days 8 to 19 of cycle is unsafe to have sex
what are the cons of calendar based natural contraception methods
overly restrictive and fetile window can be unpredictable
describe lactational Amenorrhea
breast feeding as contraception - natural method
describe withdrawal
pull out game, but can still concept from precum
how do hormonal contraception work
inhibit ovulation, alter endometrium, alter consistency of cervical mucus
do hormonal contraception need to be take even if not having sex
yes, regularly even if not having sex
what 2 hormones do hormonal contraception give
estrogen and progestin
3 progestin and estrogen hormonal contraceptives
- the pill
- NuvaRing
- Transdermal Patch
3 progestin only hormonal contraception
- mini pill
- depo-provera
- LNG-IUS
pros of hormonal contraception
highly effectibe and dont gotta think about it, regulates menstrual cycle and flow and reduced risk of cancer
cons of hormonal contraception
doesnt protect against STI, must be taken regularly
describe Intra Uterine Device
makes uterine environment inhospitable to sperm, includeds non hormonal and hormonal IUD and lasts for 5 year (3-10), doesn’t offer STI protection
Describe Cervical Barriers
barrier to cervix, contains spermicide to kill sperm that gets through, keep it in place before and 6 hrs after sex
When ovulation is approaching, the cervical position is closest to the vaginal
opening.
A) True
B) False
False, as ovulation approches, cervix moves up and opens
