Week 11 Lecture (Pregnancy) Flashcards
Conception
Fertilization of egg by sperm
First step of Conception
Ovulation: egg released from the ovary, picked up by fimbriae and enters the fallopian tube
How many sperms are lost on the way to fertilize the egg
200-400 mil sperm start out, 50% flows back out the vagina, others die from acidity, of sperm that survive that half go through the wrong tube, at that point only 200-300 sperm make it as far as the egg
how big is the window post ovulation to fertilize egg
24hrs
how long do sperm live in vagina
48 hrs up to 8 days
Sperm work together to dissolve BLANK by secreting BLANK to get through to the egg
dissolve the zona pellucida by secreting hyaluronidase to get through to the egg, then the zona thickens again to prevent other sperm
How many sperm makes through to the egg and where does conception occur
1 sperm fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tube
Whats a fertilized egg called
Zygote
How long it take for zygote to plant in uterus
zygote goes from fallopian tube and plants in uterus taking 5 days
Is absence of period a sure way to know pregnant
no, could be from stress or smth else, and also spotting/bleeding can happen during implantation
Symptoms of pregnancy
tenderness of nipplesm nausea/vomiting, constant peeing and fatigue
What tests are designed to detect pregnancy
chemical tests to find HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in women pee
What are some pregnancy tests by 3rd of 4th month of pregnancy
fetus heartbeat, movement, ultrasound
for ppl 25-34, without prevention, chance of getting pregnant after 1 yr of trying is:
85%
Whats Nagele’s Rule
To calculate Delivery date use nageles rule:
menstruation start date - 3 months + 7 days + 1 year = estimated due date
Gestation
time from conception until birth, usually 280 days (40 weeks)
How many trimesters in pregnancy
3 trimesters, 3 months each
whats the Embryonic Stage
First 8 weeks of pregnancy from conception, placenta (uterus for pregnancy) develops
- Connects fetus to wall of uterus for oxygen and nutrients
- separates parents circulatory system from fetus
- Placenta takes over secretion of progesterone and estrogen from the corpus leuteum
What 2 thinks happen in the embryonic stage
placenta (uterus for pregnancy) develops
- Connects fetus to wall of uterus for oxygen and nutrients
- separates parents circulatory system from fetus
- Placenta takes over secretion of progesterone and estrogen from the corpus leuteum
Amniotic Sac develops (the sac holding water protecting embryo)
- protects emryo from damage and temp
Describe the 3 months of the first trimester for embryo development
Month1
- most major organce develop
Month 2
- Umbilical cord develops and attaches embryo to placenta
- further development (face feet major blood vessels)
Month 3
- now the embryo is a fetus
-limbs and hair are now pronounced
- can see gender in ultrasound
First trimester effects on the mother
tingling, fullness of breasts, nausea, changes in appetite, frequent peeing, increased vaginal secretion
First trimester starts morning sickness (which can be at any time) associated with lower miscarriage rates
first trimester usually uncomfy
When does embryo become fetus
In third month of first trimester
Second trimester effects on fetus
fetal movements can be detected,
Fifth month
- heartbeat heard with stethoscope
Sixth Month
- fetus can open its eyes
End of second trimester fetus is sensitive to light and sound
If baby was born in second trimester, would it survive
fetus cannot live on own at this point unless tech assistance provided
Baby born around week 23 chance of survival
20%
born around week 28 chance of living
90%
Second trimester effects on mother
indigestion, constipation (fetus putting pressure on organs) breasts enlarge, stretch marks,
second trimester usually better than first and women report feeling good
Describe the Third Trimester
Baby:
By end of 7th month, brain and nervous system complete, fetus usually head down to prepare for delivery
Effects on mother:
third trimester is the most uncomfortable, balance, backaches and cramps, shortness of breath
Weight gain of 25-35 pounds
Some trans men take testosterone to stop
menstruation and ovulation and change secondary sex characteristics, stopping test will mean ovaries uterus will resume menstrual cycle
Challenges faced by trans men during pregnancy or post partum
identity problems, and managing other peoples biases
Can you have sex during pregnant
yes u can have sex until labour, fetus protected by amniotic sac and mucous plug in cervix
ppl with history of miscarriage or cramping issues, when having orgasms can cause
trigger labour
Masters and Johnson, regarding pregnancy found
initial decline in sex satisfaction, decline in first, increase in second (cuz more comfy), decrease in third
Vasocongestion during pregnancy may
enhance arrousal
Are midwives good or bad
midwives are good for labour and better satisfaciton
2 delivery options
vaginal birth and Caesarean-Section
typically how much does cervix dilate during labour
10cm
Does birth need pain management
no, only NEED if C section
whats the C seciton pain meds
general or spinal anaesthesia
pain management for vaginal birth
may be pharmacological or non-pharmacological like water immersion
whats engagement
few weeks before labour, fetus turns so wide part of head is against pelvid bones
Whats Effacement
thinning of cervix to prepare for dilation
how many people have amniotic sac rupture
12%
How many stages of birth
3 stages
how long does first time labour last
8.6 hrs, bout half time for subsequent pregos
First stage of birth describe
3 phases defined by dilation
Early Phase: 4 cm
Activity Phase: 8 cm
Transition: fully dilates to 10 cm, allows baby to pass through, short but difficult stage
How often do contractions have to be for people to go to hosptial
4-5 min apart
Describe birth stage 2
Stage 2 begins when cervix fully dilated, head moves into vagina, mom pushes to move baby out lasting 80 min, once baby head visible, blood and mucus cleared from airways, stage 2 ends with birth of baby
Birth stage 3
placenta detaches from uterus and expelled with other material called afterbirth, contractions help uterus go back to small
What do vhildbirth prep classes encourage
non pharmacological techniques like breathin, soaking in a tub, birthing balls
What are some pharmacological anesthetics used
tranquilizers or narcots, epidurals, spinal blocks, anesthesia
Reasons for C section
baby too big, pelvis narow, unbilical cord will pass through before baby or baby in wrong position
Immediately after baby is born
parent and baby do skin to skin and soon breast feed, antibiotics and vitamin k given to baby so no hemmorage
What are the 3 major categories of postpartum conditions and why does it happen
Why; Estrogen and progesterone returning to normal levels
Postpartum Blue: resolves in days 80%
Postpartum Depression: extreme sadness in first year or years after birth, 10-20%
Postpartum Psychosis: rlly bad but rlly rare
Do couples wait for sex after birth?
used to say 6 weeksbut now doctors say as soon as couple ready
How long should mom do exclusive breast feeding
6 months, then after complimentary should be given
What hormone stimulate milk production
prolactin
how many days post delivery milk
2-3
breasts produce what before milk
Colostrum
What hormone causes milk to release
Oxytocin, can also cause orgasms
Can breastfeed be a contraceptive
yeah it delays mentrual cycle
Miscarriage is
Spontaneous Abortion, most of the time first 20 weeks,
how common is miscarriage
10-20%
most common reason for miscarriage
defect in embryo or fetus
Describe Rh Incompatibiliy
antibodies in moms blood destroys red blood cells in fetus - antibodies form when parents Rh negative blood mixed with child Rh positive
When mom has Rh negative blood and Fetus has Rh Positive
results in fetal anemia,, disability, death, risk low for first prego but higher for subsequent
3 types of pregnancy hypertension (high blood pressure)
- pregrnancy induced hypertension: associated with prego
- pre-eclampsia: high blood press, edema and proteinuria
- Eclampsia: seizure and coma, may be from pre-eclapmpsia and may result dead
Causes of Congenital Anomolies
Genetics, Maternal Illness or Infection, Use of Drugs or Alc
What can reduce causes of congenital anomolies
Folic Acid Supplements
3 Ways to test for Congenital Anomolies
- testing moms blood for Alpha-fetoprotien (AFP is produced by fetus, if in moms blood, smth wrong with uterine wall)
- Amniocentesis: chorionic villus sampling, more invasive
- NIPT Testing: analyzing fetus DNA in moms blood
What do doctors do sonographic exams for when moms AFP too high
- underestimation gestational age
- multifetal gestation
- death
How early is a preterm baby
before 37 weeks, 60-80% deaths due to preterm, preterm babies are usually underweight
when do most babies weight gain
last few weeks
Anoxia
umbilical cord compressed as baby passes through, may need to do C section, can lead to major disability or deat
Stillbirth
Baby born dead after 28 weeks of gestation and weighs at least 500 pounds, mostly happens in low income countries
Maternal Mortality
mom dies, rare, but high in low income countries
3 increase risk factors to maternal death
- living in rural and poor communities
- young adolescents
- lack of access to skilled care
How to diagnose infertility
after 1 yr unprotected sex if woman is under 35, after 6 months if aboce 35
Primare infertility
could never become fertile
Secondary Infertility
Could be fertile in past but now cant
How many people in canada suffer from infertility
1 in 8 couples, 40% mans faults, 40% woman, 20% bother unknonw
How many men have male infertility and whats most common cause
1/10, low sprm count
How many women have male infertility and whats most common cause
1/12, irregular ovulation
Treatment of infertility
lots of treatments, first step firtility drugs, to make hella eggs release in single cycle, makes twins rlly common
what percentage of twins result from fertility treatments
70%
Wharts Artificial Insemination
inserting sperm directly into vagine or uterus
Vitro Fertilization
if womans reproductive tracked blocked, sperm and egg concepted in lab, and replaced in uterus
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
egg and sperm collected and put directly into fallopian tubes
Zygote Intrafallopian transfer
egg already concepted put into fallopian tubes to cause natural implantation
Surrogacy
female outside of couples becomes pregnant from any ART method and delivers baby
Is ART associated with hella multi births
yes, 70% of twins, 99% of higher-order multiples are from fertility treatment
What % of people who use ART are sexually and gender diverse
30%
