Week 13 - Aggression and Violence Flashcards
What is aggression?
Behaviour intended to cause psychological, verbal or physical harm
What is direct aggression?
Overt verbal or physical behaviour directed at another person
What is indirect/relational aggression?
Acts harming someones social relationships or status, often behind their back
What is bullying?
Repeated aggression where the perpetrator has more power than the victim
What is violence?
Severe physical aggression with extreme harm as the goal
Who commits more violent crime globally?
Men (91-95% of homicide convictions from 2010 to 2017)
What is young male syndrome?
Young men (18-24) commit a disproportionate share of violent crimes
Which sex is physically more aggressive?
Men, across cultures
Are there sex differences in anger or relational aggression?
Little to no sex differences
Who cyberbullies more?
Girls before age 11, boys more after the age of 11
What are the effects of bullying?
Serious mental health impacts, including suicide attempts
Who reports more victimization by violent crimes?
Men (bullying, assault, robbery)
Women (rape, sexual assault,
What predicts violence more than sex of race?
Annual household income less than $25,000
What is sex-based harassment?
Behaviours that derogate or humiliate an individual based on their sex, sexual orientation or gender identity
Three types of sex-based harassment
Gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion
Who experiences more sex-based harassment?
Women
What motivates sex-based harassment?
Perpetrator has a desire to protect their own sex-based status and punish those who deviate from the norms
What is racialized sex-based harassment?
Harassment involving both race and sex biases
What is power distance?
The extent to which a culture has and accepts unequal distributions of power among its members
What is collectivism?
Prioritizing group needs over individual needs
Which cultures is sex-based violence more common in?
Those with greater power distance and higher levels of collectivism
What is intimate partner violence (IPV)?
Any behaviour intended to harm a romantic partner
Who makes up the most intimate partner violence (IPV) victims in Canada?
Women and girls (78%)
What are two forms of intimate partner violence (IPV)?
Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism
What is situational couple violence?
Physical or emotional violence that occurs out of anger, not driven by a desire to control the other
What is intimate terrorism?
One partner uses a pattern of control and power over the other, often through threats, consistent pattern
What is sexual assault?
Unwanted sexual contact without explicit consent
What is rape?
Non-consensual penetration of the mouth, vagina or anus by a penis, finger or object
What increases sexual violence risk?
Racial minority status, gendered social contexts, power imbalances
Where is sexual assault especially prevalent?
College campuses
What is a major issue with sexual violence data?
Underreporting
Why do survivors avoid reporting sexual violence?
Fear of retaliation, shame, not being believed
What contributes to underreporting?
Rape myths, media bias, victim-blaming
What is a false rape allegation?
A knowingly false accusation of rape
Who is disproportionately arrested for rape?
Black and Latino men
Violence towards sexual minorities
LGBTQ population is especially likely to be targeted, along with transgender individuals
What is the confluence model of sexual aggression?
Sexist attitudes + preference for impersonal sex increase aggression
What are some risks of perpetuating aggression and violence?
- Childhood abuse, witnessing domestic violence
- Alcohol abuse, emotional regulation issues
- Greater physical size and strength
When do aggression and testosterone peak?
In young adulthood
What do evolutionary scientist say is the reason for male jealousy?
Paternity uncertainty
What is paternity uncertainty?
The inability of a male to be certain his sperm fertilized the egg of his partner and that the offspring is his own
What are honour cultures?
Reputation based cultures in which men defend their and their families reputations, with violence if necessary
Where are honour cultures typically found?
Middle east, southeast Asia, Latin America, southern United States
What are honour killings?
Involve the murder of a female relative who has shamed the family by committing infidelity, refusing arranged marriage, seeking divorce or being raped
What is male discrepancy stress?
Anxiety about not being masculine enough, leading to men committing more violence against intimate partners
What is a socioeconomic dependence perspective on aggression and violence?
When men have more power and financial resources than their partner, they might be more likely to use violence to exert control
What is a status inconsistency perspective on aggression and violence?
When men have less power and financial resources than their partner, they might be more likely to use violence to experience power, feel masculine
What is female genital mutilation?
Injury or removal of female genitals for non-medical reasons
What is child marriage?
Marriage involving children, often a form of child rape
What is sex trafficking?
Forced retention of people for sexual use
What is the I3 theory?
IPV risk depends on instigation, impellance and inhibition
What is instigation in I3 theory?
Provocation by the partner in conflict situations
What is impellance in I3 theory?
Forces (like alcohol or personality) increasing aggression likelihood
What is inhibition in I3 theory?
Factors decreasing aggression likelihood
What is masculine gender role stress (MGRS)
Stress men feel when masculinity is threatened
How does toxic masculinity relate to violence?
Rigid masculine norms promote aggression and control
What is aggressive pornography?
Porn involving aggression, degradation or humiliation
What is erotica?
Sexually explicitly but non-aggressive material
How often does porn depict violence?
40% of popular scenes include physical violence
What is the sexual callousness model?
Porn desensitizes viewers and promotes aggression
What is the danger of aggressive pornography?
It may normalize sexual aggression and reward it
What influences perceptions of sexual aggression in porn?
Culture, content type, viewer characteristics
How are female spotted hyenas unique in terms of aggression?
They are more aggressive than males, and have unusually high testosterone levels.
How is violence explained through evolutionary biology?
Male violence is seen as an evolved response to paternity uncertainty, mate retention and jealousy-based aggression.
How does culture reinforce the predator-prey metaphor?
Cultural narrative depicts women as prey and men as predators, normalized gender-based violence and rape myths.
Video Game Bombing Study
Participants played a video game where you could drop bombs on opponents. When game avatars had a name tag, men dropped more bombs than women, wanting to conform to gender roles. When they were anonymous, there was no difference in bombs dropped.
Nordic Paradox
Even in gender-equal Nordic countries, intimate partner violence is still high. Men probably feel emasculated.
What do LGBTQ+-targeted hate crimes stem from?
Perceived threats to social norms, masculinity and benevolent sexism.
Who are Brandon Teena and Matthew Shepard?
Victims of anti-LGBTQ+ violences whose deaths influenced the U.S. hate crime legislation.
