Week 13

Question 1

What are some kinematic risk factors for injury

Answer 1

Medial collapse

Prolonged eversion

Overstriding

Question 2

What are some kinetic risk factors for injury

Answer 2

Impact peak

Vertical loading rate

Question 3

When was the first modern running shoe

Answer 3

Developed in 1970s

Nike Cortez

Question 4

The incidence of running injuries has decreased from 1971 to present time

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What are some of the attempts to decrease injury in running

Answer 5

Motion control shoe - BAD

Minimal shoe (foot gloves) - BAD

Maximal shoe - BAD

Question 6

What is a motion control shoe

Answer 6

Different stack height

Trying to control excessive eversion

Question 7

Around what percent were people getting injured before the late development in shoes in 2007

Answer 7

Around 50%

Question 8

Which shoe had the most missed training days (due to injury)

Answer 8

Motion control shoe

Question 9

Minimalist shoes increase…

Answer 9

The risk of injury

The pain at the shin and calf

Question 10

Minimal shoes may cause you to adopt

Answer 10

A forefoot strike
Leads to:
No impact peak
Lower loading rates
Decreased force at knee

BUT

Greater achilles calf forces
Greater stress at forefoot

Question 11

Rearfoot strikes in minimal shoes cause

Answer 11

Higher impact peak

Higher loading rate

Question 12

What happens to the loading rate, impact peak and active peak of a MAXIMAL shoe (MAX shoe study 1)

Answer 12

Loading rate increased - stress fractures

Impact peak increased

Active peak did not change

Question 13

What will happen to loading rate, impact peak and active peak of a MAXIMAL shoe when they are given time to acclimate to the shoe (Max shoe study 2)

Answer 13

Loading rate still increased

Impact peak increased

Active peak no real difference

Question 14

Will there be a difference in eversion between shoes

Answer 14

Yes - more prolonged eversion

Question 15

At push off in a maximal shoe what happens

Answer 15

They remain in eversion instead of going back to inversion

Question 16

Summary of Max shoe study 2

Answer 16

6 week transition did not change biomechanics

Increased impact force, loading rates and prolonged eversion

All three factors may increase the risk of injury

2 runners dropped out to injuries that are related to prolonged eversion

Question 17

Max shoe study 3 (two different brands of max shoes) results showed that

Answer 17

Loading rate didnt differ between traditional and maximal

Loading rate was different between minimal shoe and other shoes (max and trad)

Impact peak and active peak did not differ at all

Question 18

Summary of max shoe study 3

Answer 18

Manipulated the cushioning did not differ impact force or loading rates between max and trad shoes

Runners still displayed prolonged eversion in max shoe

Question 19

What are the overall findings of max shoes

Answer 19

Greater impact forces and loading rates in Hoka max shoes

Consistently displayed prolonged eversion in all max shoes

Midsole hardness or shape may significantly affect impact forces and loading rates

Question 20

How did the Nike Alphafly next improve runners times

Answer 20

Better ankle kinematics

Better toe kinematics

High compliance and resilience in foam

Question 21

How does better ankle kinematics help

Answer 21

Plate stabilises the ankle and reduces the internal ankle plantar flexion moment - calves do less work

Question 22

How does better toe kinematics help

Answer 22

Toes waste energy when you are running by flexing

Runners lose less energy by the plate keeping their toes straight

Question 23

How does high compliance and resilience in foam

Answer 23

Shoes are compliant (squish easily) and resilient (spring back to form), resulting in 80% of energy return, highest ever tested

Question 24

Physical therapists…

Answer 24

will often be asked to analyze running form and provide advice on proper running shoes

Question 25

As a review, which of the following would not be a risk factor for developing a running injury

Answer 25

High overall ground reaction forces

Question 26

The incidence of running injuries has decreased from 1971 to present time

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Motion Control shoes significantly decreased the incidence of running injuries

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Adopting a forefoot strike in minimal shoes increases the forces and stress at which area of the body

Calf

Achilles

Metatarsals

All answers are correct

Answer 28

All are correct

Question 29

In Dr. Hannigan’s first maximal shoe study, what factors were higher in the maximal shoe

Answer 29

Impact peak and loading rate

Question 30

In Dr. Hannigan’s 2nd maximal shoe study, a 6-week transition to the maximal shoes was effective at eliminating the potential risk factors for injury

Answer 30

False

Question 31

In Dr. Hannigan’s 3rd maximal shoe study, he found the same results for the ground reaction forces as the first two studies

Answer 31

False

Question 32

What potential risk factor for injury was found in maximal shoes in both the 2nd and 3rd of Dr. Hannigan’s maximal shoe research studies

Answer 32

Prolonged eversion

Question 33

Which of the following was not a reason why Nike’s maximal racing shoes improved performance:

A reduction in the internal plantar flexion moment compared to standard racing shoes

Less energy lost from toe flexion

An increase in shoe compliance

A decrease in shoe resilience

Answer 33

A decrease in shoe resilience