week 13

Question 1

protective orthosis

Answer 1

offers proper positioning, is lightweight, and may be removed for hygiene

used in the treatment of flexor and extensor repairs in the hand and forearm

Question 2

a dynamic wrist and MCP
extension orthosisextension orthosis

Answer 2

will promote grasp/release and normal movement patterns
while awaiting nerve return

Question 3

Static

Answer 3

Does not have movable parts and is usually designed to protect, restrict motion, and provide proper positioning

Question 4

Static progressive

Answer 4

Uses inelastic parts to position a joint at the available end ROM
with the intent of improving passive range of motion (PROM).

Question 5

Dynamic

Answer 5

Has movable or elastic parts and is used to improve motion,
provide controlled motion, or compensate for loss of motion

Question 6

Static Principles

Answer 6

For fractures, one joint above and one joint below the injury
should be stabilized to restrict motion at the injured joint

Question 7

Static Progressive Principles

Answer 7

A static progressive orthosis is used for
▪Decreasing joint stiffness
▪Improving PROM
▪ Static progressive splinting is now considered more advantageous
compared with dynamic splinting for improving ROM

Question 8

Dynamic Principles

Answer 8

to improve motion,
provide controlled motion, or compensate for loss of motion.
▪Requires a solid base with an outrigger

Question 9

High-profile outriggers

Answer 9

are attached to the orthosis; however, they are designed to come up and away from the splint to ensure the proper angle of pull during mobilization.

Question 10

Low-profile outriggers

Answer 10

also ensure the proper angle of pull; however, they tend to be smaller and are designed to be more streamlined. Are more aesthetically pleasing, they will require more frequent adjustment because they may not be able to maintain the proper angle of pull once changes in ROM are made

Question 11

Client Education Regarding Wear and Care

Answer 11

Improper use of an orthosis can result in negative outcomes, including skin breakdown and progressive worsening of joint stiffness.
▪Therefore, it is important that the client understands the rationale behind orthosis use and its significance.

Question 12

Properties of Thermoplastic Materials Drape

Answer 12

Drape refers to the ability of the material to conform to structures (when
heated) without too much handling

Question 13

Rigidity

Answer 13

refers to the strength of the material when exposed
to repeated stress

Question 14

Adherence

Answer 14

is the ability of the material to bond to itself

Question 15

Casting

Answer 15

used for positioning and protection after fractures;
however, casting is beneficial for a variety of other conditions as well

Question 16

Radiculopathy

Answer 16

-Any compression of the nerve root in the foramina opening
-Can cause pain and neurological symptoms to
radiate along the path of the nerve and into the arm or leg

Question 17

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 17

-a forward or backward displacement of one of the vertebra, often occurs in the lumbosacral
▪ In between the vertebrae, the intervertebral discs serve as
shock absorbers and facilitate movement of the spine.
▪ degenerate over time and become a source of pain
-The soft inner core of the disc can extrude, called a herniated
or ruptured disc, and inflame a nearby nerve root.

Question 18

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 18

• a type of arthritis that causes inflammation between the vertebrae and in the joints between the spine and pelvis.
  ▪Over time, the vertebrae can fuse together, limiting movement.

Question 19

Spinal stenosis

Answer 19

causes narrowing of the spinal vertebrae.
▪The narrowing puts pressure on the nerves and spinal cord and can cause pain,
numbness, paresthesia, and loss of motor control.

Question 20

Osteomyelitis

Answer 20

-an infection of the bone caused by a bacteria or fungus
spread from the bloodstream, open fracture, or surgery.
▪ Causes severe back pain

Question 21

Spinal fusion

Answer 21

is surgery to join, or fuse, two or more vertebrae so there is no
movement between them

Question 22

Laminectomy

Answer 22

a decompression surgery that enlarges the spinal canal to
relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

Question 23

foraminotomy

Answer 23

a decompression surgery that is performed to enlarge the
foramen (passageway where a spinal nerve root exits the spinal canal).

Question 24

Discectomy

Answer 24

surgery to remove herniated disc material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord.

Question 25

Artificial disk replacement

Answer 25

a newer surgical procedure for relieving low back pain. ▪Much like hip or knee joint replacements, the intervertebral disk in the spine is replaced with a mechanical device

Question 26

interlaminar implant

Answer 26

U-shaped implant that fits between the spinous processes located in the lumbar region of the spine

Question 27

kyphoplasty

Answer 27

creates space in a compressed or collapsed vertebrae with a balloon-type device and injection of a special cement to restore the damaged vertebra’s height to relieve pain

Question 28

Pelvic Injuries

Answer 28

-caused by falls in older adults or motor vehicle crashes -use crutches or a walker, and will not be able to put all of their weight on one or both legs until the bones are healed

Question 29

Traction

Answer 29

-Unstable pelvic fractures may require temporary traction or an external fixator -involves using the mechanical force of weight and pulleys set up on a bed frame to put tension on the displaced bone to put it back in position and keep it stable

Question 30

external fixator

Answer 30

has long screws that are inserted into the bones on each side and connected to a frame outside the body to stabilize the pelvis.

Question 31

Pelvic Injury Management

Answer 31

-incorporate proper body mechanics -precautions may be specified by the physician -sit on cushioned chairs that are at a higher level and have armrests to assist with pushing up -avoid bending and twisting, crossing and lifting their legs

Question 32

knee surgery

Answer 32

-not pivot on your affected knee -Do not place a pillow under the knee while the patient is in bed. This leads to contracture.

Question 33

Aquatic Therapy

Answer 33

-The properties of water can be used to increase or decrease the demand on the muscles -Water buoyancy decreases the weight-bearing on joints.

Question 34

Tendinosis

Answer 34

-Damage to the rotator cuff happens when the mechanical stress on the tissue exceeds its tensile strength -May range from degenerative inflammation to partial or complete tears

Question 35

Shoulder Impingement

Answer 35

- the tendons and bursa becoming irritated, trapped, or compressed by movements at the shoulder. ▪May also accompany the tendinitis or tendinosis

Question 36

Scapular Instability

Answer 36

Weakness and damage to the components of the rotator cuff cause muscle imbalance and instability to the GHJ muscle imbalance and instability to the GHJ, especially during overhead motions

Question 37

Rotator Cuff Tear

Answer 37

Tears to the rotator cuff may be acute or chronic in nature and may be full or partial. ▪ Chronic tears of the rotator cuff are typically an extension of the shoulder impingement where microtears (tendinosis) leads to larger tears. ▪Acute tears are associated with a singular, accelerating traumatic event

Question 38

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Answer 38

The synovium of the GHJ becomes inflamed (synovitis), and the soft tissue becomes thick with fibrous adhesions (fibrosis). ▪These, in turn, cause pain and significant loss in shoulder range of motion

Question 39

Stage 1

Answer 39

▪May mimic other rotator cuff diseases ▪Marked by pain at end-range of shoulder motion

Question 40

Stage 2

Answer 40

“Freezing” stage, where a client complains of significant pain and discomfort and at least 25% loss of range of motion (ROM) in two planes

Question 41

Stage 3

Answer 41

“Frozen” stage, where the shoulder is significantly stiff, but with lesser discomfort

Question 42

Stage 4

Answer 42

“Thawing” stage, where the stiffness remains, but the joint may be stretched with the least amount of discomfort

Question 43

Fractures

Answer 43

Treatment of fractures depends on the number of segments and whether or not surgical repair was necessary

Question 44

Brachial Plexus Injuries

Answer 44

Dysfunction, intervention, and prognosis relate to mechanism and severity of injury

Question 45

Cervical Radiculopathy

Answer 45

Compression of the spinal nerve roots originating from cervical area; i.e a pinched nerve

Question 46

Arthroscopy

Answer 46

Involves small incisions through which a scope (miniature camera) and miniature surgical instruments are inserted into the joint.

Question 47

Arthroplasty

Answer 47

Joint replacements ▪ Total (conventional or reversed) or partial (hemiarthroplasty)

Question 48

Thermal capsulorrhaphy

Answer 48

Procedure specifically developed for shrinking the glenohumeral capsule through the use of a heat probe and is often indicated for nontraumatic shoulder instability or frequent dislocations

Question 49

Bear Hug Test

Answer 49

patient places the palm of the affected side on the opposite shoulder, with fingers extended and elbow anterior to the body.

Question 50

Belly Rub Test

Answer 50

place affected arm over belly button and MMT

Question 51

Supine Impingement Test

Answer 51

Bring the patient’s shoulder into 90-110 degrees of abduction, 10-15 degrees of extension, and maximal external rotation

Question 52

Supraspinatus Test (Empty Can Test)

Answer 52

the patient is positioned with the arm at 90° elevation in the scapular plane and full internal rotation (empty can position), and the examiner applies downward pressure at the elbow or wrist to evaluate for pain or weakness.

Question 53

Infraspinatus Test

Answer 53

The patient is positioned in standing with arm neutrally rotated, elbow flexed to 90 degrees, and adducted to the trunk. The examiner applies an internal rotation force along the patient’s forearm while the patient resists.

Question 54

Hawkins-Kennedy Test

Answer 54

To perform the test, the patient is positioned with the shoulder flexed to 90 degrees and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. -The examiner then internally rotates the arm while applying overpressure.