Week 13 Flashcards
1
Q
Nativism (Plato)
A
- maintains the belief that certain kinds of knowledge are innate
2
Q
Empiricism (Aristotle/John Locke)
A
- claims the mind at birth is a blank state
- everything we think and feel has been acquired throughout life through sensory experience
3
Q
Dualism (Descartes)
A
- the concept that body and mind are two distinct entities that interact
- question of how “spiritual” mental activity can be coordinated with physical behaviour of the body
- Hobbesian perspective goes entirely against this (belief that the mind is what the brain does)
4
Q
Phrenology (Gall)
A
- belief that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localised to specific regions of the brain
5
Q
Structuralism
A
- the analysis of basic elements that make up the mind
- breaking consciousness down into elemental sensations and feelings
- difficult introspective approach (relies on mental observations)
6
Q
Functionalism
A
- the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment
7
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
- emphasises that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts (i.e. the mind imposes organisation on what it perceives)
8
Q
Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
A
- emphasises the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping thoughts and behaviours
- important to look at a person’s past/early experiences to uncover their inner thoughts and fears
9
Q
Humanistic psychology
A
- emphasising the positive potential of human beings (allowing people to reach their full potential rather than being bound by their past)
10
Q
Psychology as a science (Wilhelm Wundt)
A
- founding father of experimental psychology
- created the idea that the mind can be studied as a science (rather than philosophy)
- e.g. introspectionism
11
Q
Introspectionism
A
- involves training people to carefully analyse their thoughts to gather information about how the mind works, experimentally
- e.g. complication clock experiment
- not always reliable to report on thoughts rather than quantitative data (subjectivity + bias)
- many interesting mental activities (e.g. development, personality) are not transparent to introspection
- difficult to study young children and animals
12
Q
Behaviourism
A
- the study of only overt behaviour (not subjective thoughts), used to determine the science of the mind
- mind considered to be a black box (we cannot see internally so just observe the outputs in terms of behaviour)
- idea that most types of behaviour are learned rather than innate –> empiricism
- use of classical conditioning (e.g. Pavlov’s dog - study of conditional/learnt reflexes)
- operant/instrumental conditioning (e.g. Thorndike’s cats - animal is involved in the conditioning)
13
Q
Law of effect
A
- seeking pleasure rather than pain
- good outcome leads to a repeated action
- occasional reinforcement is more effective than constant reinforcement
- e.g. Skinner box
14
Q
Connectionism
A
- new form of behaviourism (all about learning processes rather than things being innate)
- link between basic understanding of nerve cells in the brain and using computer simulations to think up neural networks
- requires enormous computer power
- concept of deep learning being relevant to application to the brain
15
Q
Cognitive revolution (Chomsky)
A
- better to conceptualise the mind as an “information processing” device, rather than regarding it as a black box like in behaviourism
- box-and-arrow models of cognitions as flow charts (with brain as central processing unit between input and output)
- cognitive neuroscience attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
16
Q
Brain study experiments
A
- goal of establishing the validity of a hypothesis (rejecting null hypothesis that outcome was due to chance –> further studies to validate a positive hypothesis)
- controlled experiments provide insight into cause and effect by altering one factor
- useful for behaviourist approach but difficult to “measure” mental states due to bias
- mental chronometry (measuring the time a mental process takes to be carried out)
- statistical tests assess the strength of evidence for a particular result
17
Q
Neuroimaging
A
- EEGs (electroencephalography) explore electrical activity along the scalp via electrodes
- fMRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- PET (positron emission tomography, measuring brain activity by detecting increases in cerebral blood flow to localise specific activities in different brain areas)