Week 12: Stereotypes and Prejudice

Question 1

T/F: Is prejudice an attitude?

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

What is the definition of prejudice?

Answer 2

negative attitudes directed at a group because of membership in that group

Question 3

The affective component of prejudiced attitude (prejudice or bias), can be positive or negative

T/F?

Answer 3

TRue

Question 4

What are stereotypes?

Answer 4

generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members of the group regardless of actual variation among members.

Stereotypes simplify our complex world

Question 5

True/False

Members of stigmatized groups are treated differently, even by their own parents

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True/False:

even members of stigmatized groups think of themselves differently

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

True/false

people can also selectively apply stereotypes to serve self-enhancement needs

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What is the definition of discrimination?

Answer 8

Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group, based solely on group membership

ex. landlords discriminate against gay/lesbian tenant
- female customers higher price

Not always obvious and overt

Question 9

True/false: Recent events suggest that explicit prejudice is again on the rise

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

What is modern racism?

Answer 10

outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

Methods of measuring prejudices must be more subtle today

Question 11

What is the IAT?: Implicit association test

Answer 11

people respond to words or pictures on the computer (associate black or white faces with unpleasant words), and their response times reveal hidden prejudice

TEST could be measuring familiarity rather than bias or prejudice

Question 12

What are 2 forms of modern racism?

Answer 12

Aversive and casual

Question 13

What is an example of aversive racism?

Answer 13

someone experiencing aversive racism expresses attitudes that support equality, while, at the same time, being uncomfortable sitting next to individuals from another group.

Question 14

What is casual/everyday racism>

Answer 14

Common, often undetected, forms of differential treatment of others based on racial category.

Ex. Teachers ignoring students of colour or disproportionally punishing those students for behaviours not punished for others.

Question 15

True/false:

A 2009 survey found that more than 20% of landed immigrants to Canada experienced discrimination in the prior year, most reporting multiple experiences.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Incarceration rates of black people in Canada

Answer 16

Black people make up about 2.5% of Canadas population. Yet, they now reprsent just over 9% of the federal inmate population

Question 17

Incarceration rates of aboriginal people in canada

Answer 17

make up only 4% of Canadas population, they reprsent 21.5% of those serving time in federal prisions.

Question 18

What is realistic conflict theory?

Answer 18

intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources

Ex. members of different ethnic groups may compete for the same job

limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in increased preudice and discrimination.

Question 19

What causes prejudice?

Answer 19

Prejudice is a byproduct of using schemas

Question 20

What is the term called, where we prefer groups that we are in

Answer 20

In group bias

Question 21

Groups the world into US vs THEM

Answer 21

Social identity theory

Question 22

What is social categorization?

Answer 22

we make sense of our social world by putting people into groups according to their characteristics (Gender, ethnicity)

Both useful and needed.

Question 23

What is the in-group bias?

Answer 23

The tendency to evaluate in-group members more postiviely, than out group members

The more strongly one identifies with their own group, the more likely one is to discriminate against the out-group

Question 24

Why do we show the in-group bias?

Answer 24

belonging to a group gives us social identity, and having a social identity contributes to self-esteem

Question 25

Research shows that people who are high in the following dimensions are more likely to hold negative attitudes towards out-groups than are others

Answer 25

right wing authoritarianism Religious fundamentalism Social dominance orientation

Question 26

What is right-wing authoritarianism?

Answer 26

high degree of submission to authority figures Aggression towards groups that are seen as legitimate targets by authority figures High degree of conformity to rules established by authority figures

Question 27

What is religious fundamentalism?

Answer 27

a belief in the absolute and literal truth of one's religious beliefs Belief that their religion is right and that forces of evil are threatening to undermine the truth Not to be confusd with being religious

Question 28

What is social dominance orientation?

Answer 28

Belief that groups of people are inherently unequal Belief it is acceptable for some groups to benefit more than others, and for some groups to receive poorer treatment than others.

Question 29

In order to increase prejudice, stereotypes must be activated. When does this occur?

Answer 29

When we hear someone else make a negative remark about a group When we observe a negative action by one of the group members

Question 30

True/False: To maintain positive self view We activate stereotypes when they help boost our self-esteem

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

T/F: Even if others don't discriminate agianst you, thinking about belonging to a stereotyped group can affect your academic perforamnce

Answer 31

TRUE black students with same level of prep are white students still underachieve at college

Question 32

In relation to prejudice... what are self-fulfilling properhcies?

Answer 32

When a member of a disadvantaged group in mistreated by a member of a majority group, the disadvantaged person is unlikely to peform well, thereby confirming the majority group member's negative stereotype and perpeutating the discrimination

Question 33

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 33

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an exisitng cultural stereotype. Being reminded of a negative stereotype associated wtih one's group may impair perofrmance on a relevant task.

Question 34

true/false: in relation to stereotype threat.. failure is threatening at the individual and group level

Answer 34

TRUE Anxiety interferes with performance, leading the person to confirm the stereotype.

Question 35

What is an important note of the stereotype threat?

Answer 35

You don't need to believe the negative stereotype about your group for stereotype threat to occur Even if you don't endorse the belief, you worry you will confirm it --> distraction --> poor performance

Question 36

What is the cross-race effect?

Answer 36

racial ingroup members are recognized better than racial outgroup members differential processing for ingroup-outgroup faces a) individuate - loo kfor unique feautres ex. hair colour , eye colour b) assimilate - similarity to stereotypical expectations

Question 37

_________ aides recognition of ingroup members. _________ impairs recognition of outgroup members

Answer 37

individuation assimilation

Question 38

In the robbers cave experiemnt, did positive propaganda use work to reduce prejudice?

Answer 38

No. Positive propaganda about one group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help

Question 39

In the robbers cave experiment, did contact usage work to reduce prejudice?

Answer 39

No. Doing non-competitive activities together (ex. watching movies) did not help

Question 40

In the robbers cave experiment, did the usage of cooperative action reduce prejudice?

Answer 40

YES Experimenters arranged for camp truck to break down Both groups needed to pull it uphill Intergroup friendships began to develop.

Question 41

What is mutual interdependence?

Answer 41

a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to both groups Prejudice can be reduced by the creation of common goals

Question 42

what is the intergroup contact hypothesis?

Answer 42

contact between members of different groups will lead to more harmonious intergroup relations

Question 43

what is the special role of friendship?

Answer 43

friendship provides a framework for describing the facilitating conditions for positive intergroup contact. - Equal status - Common goals - cooperation - supportive norms (Support from autorities) - voluntary - multiple interactions over time

Question 44

What is the extended contact hypothesis?

Answer 44

knowledge of a close friendship between an ingroup member and an outgroup member can lead to improved generalized attitudes towards the outgroup (even in the absence of direct contact) knowing someone in your ingroup is close to someone in out-group can reduce prejudice to the outgroup

Question 45

What is a jigsaw classroom

Answer 45

small, mixed groups information must be shared Builds trust and cooperation --> decreased prejudice

Question 46

Can we exert some control towards controlling prejudice??

Answer 46

YES Through motivations To maintain positive self views

Question 47

TRUE/FALSE

Answer 47

When people want to control their prejudice, they can have a positive influence on their prejudice levels ex. I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be non-prejudiced towards people of other ethnicities"

Question 48

What is higher motivation in relation to prejudice?

Answer 48

less explicit and implicit prejudice