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PSYCH 360 Final > Week 12: Stereotypes and Prejudice > Flashcards

Week 12: Stereotypes and Prejudice Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Is prejudice an attitude?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What is the definition of prejudice?

A

negative attitudes directed at a group because of membership in that group

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3
Q

The affective component of prejudiced attitude (prejudice or bias), can be positive or negative

T/F?

A

TRue

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4
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members of the group regardless of actual variation among members.

Stereotypes simplify our complex world

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5
Q

True/False

Members of stigmatized groups are treated differently, even by their own parents

A

True

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6
Q

True/False:

even members of stigmatized groups think of themselves differently

A

TRUE

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7
Q

True/false

people can also selectively apply stereotypes to serve self-enhancement needs

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What is the definition of discrimination?

A

Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group, based solely on group membership

ex. landlords discriminate against gay/lesbian tenant
- female customers higher price

Not always obvious and overt

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9
Q

True/false: Recent events suggest that explicit prejudice is again on the rise

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is modern racism?

A

outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

Methods of measuring prejudices must be more subtle today

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11
Q

What is the IAT?: Implicit association test

A

people respond to words or pictures on the computer (associate black or white faces with unpleasant words), and their response times reveal hidden prejudice

TEST could be measuring familiarity rather than bias or prejudice

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12
Q

What are 2 forms of modern racism?

A

Aversive and casual

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13
Q

What is an example of aversive racism?

A

someone experiencing aversive racism expresses attitudes that support equality, while, at the same time, being uncomfortable sitting next to individuals from another group.

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14
Q

What is casual/everyday racism>

A

Common, often undetected, forms of differential treatment of others based on racial category.

Ex. Teachers ignoring students of colour or disproportionally punishing those students for behaviours not punished for others.

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15
Q

True/false:

A 2009 survey found that more than 20% of landed immigrants to Canada experienced discrimination in the prior year, most reporting multiple experiences.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Incarceration rates of black people in Canada

A

Black people make up about 2.5% of Canadas population. Yet, they now reprsent just over 9% of the federal inmate population

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17
Q

Incarceration rates of aboriginal people in canada

A

make up only 4% of Canadas population, they reprsent 21.5% of those serving time in federal prisions.

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18
Q

What is realistic conflict theory?

A

intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources

Ex. members of different ethnic groups may compete for the same job

limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in increased preudice and discrimination.

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19
Q

What causes prejudice?

A

Prejudice is a byproduct of using schemas

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20
Q

What is the term called, where we prefer groups that we are in

A

In group bias

21
Q

Groups the world into US vs THEM

A

Social identity theory

22
Q

What is social categorization?

A

we make sense of our social world by putting people into groups according to their characteristics (Gender, ethnicity)

Both useful and needed.

23
Q

What is the in-group bias?

A

The tendency to evaluate in-group members more postiviely, than out group members

The more strongly one identifies with their own group, the more likely one is to discriminate against the out-group

24
Q

Why do we show the in-group bias?

A

belonging to a group gives us social identity, and having a social identity contributes to self-esteem

25
Q

Research shows that people who are high in the following dimensions are more likely to hold negative attitudes towards out-groups than are others

A

right wing authoritarianism

Religious fundamentalism

Social dominance orientation

26
Q

What is right-wing authoritarianism?

A

high degree of submission to authority figures

Aggression towards groups that are seen as legitimate targets by authority figures

High degree of conformity to rules established by authority figures

27
Q

What is religious fundamentalism?

A

a belief in the absolute and literal truth of one’s religious beliefs

Belief that their religion is right and that forces of evil are threatening to undermine the truth

Not to be confusd with being religious

28
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

Belief that groups of people are inherently unequal

Belief it is acceptable for some groups to benefit more than others, and for some groups to receive poorer treatment than others.

29
Q

In order to increase prejudice, stereotypes must be activated. When does this occur?

A

When we hear someone else make a negative remark about a group

When we observe a negative action by one of the group members

30
Q

True/False:
To maintain positive self view
We activate stereotypes when they help boost our self-esteem

A

TRUE

31
Q

T/F:

Even if others don’t discriminate agianst you, thinking about belonging to a stereotyped group can affect your academic perforamnce

A

TRUE

black students with same level of prep are white students still underachieve at college

32
Q

In relation to prejudice… what are self-fulfilling properhcies?

A

When a member of a disadvantaged group in mistreated by a member of a majority group, the disadvantaged person is unlikely to peform well, thereby confirming the majority group member’s negative stereotype and perpeutating the discrimination

33
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an exisitng cultural stereotype.

Being reminded of a negative stereotype associated wtih one’s group may impair perofrmance on a relevant task.

34
Q

true/false:

in relation to stereotype threat.. failure is threatening at the individual and group level

A

TRUE

Anxiety interferes with performance, leading the person to confirm the stereotype.

35
Q

What is an important note of the stereotype threat?

A

You don’t need to believe the negative stereotype about your group for stereotype threat to occur

Even if you don’t endorse the belief, you worry you will confirm it –> distraction –> poor performance

36
Q

What is the cross-race effect?

A

racial ingroup members are recognized better than racial outgroup members

differential processing for ingroup-outgroup faces

a) individuate - loo kfor unique feautres
ex. hair colour , eye colour

b) assimilate - similarity to stereotypical expectations

37
Q

_________ aides recognition of ingroup members. _________ impairs recognition of outgroup members

A

individuation

assimilation

38
Q

In the robbers cave experiemnt, did positive propaganda use work to reduce prejudice?

A

No.

Positive propaganda about one group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help

39
Q

In the robbers cave experiment, did contact usage work to reduce prejudice?

A

No.

Doing non-competitive activities together (ex. watching movies) did not help

40
Q

In the robbers cave experiment, did the usage of cooperative action reduce prejudice?

A

YES

Experimenters arranged for camp truck to break down

Both groups needed to pull it uphill

Intergroup friendships began to develop.

41
Q

What is mutual interdependence?

A

a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to both groups

Prejudice can be reduced by the creation of common goals

42
Q

what is the intergroup contact hypothesis?

A

contact between members of different groups will lead to more harmonious intergroup relations

43
Q

what is the special role of friendship?

A

friendship provides a framework for describing the facilitating conditions for positive intergroup contact.

  • Equal status
  • Common goals
  • cooperation
  • supportive norms (Support from autorities)
  • voluntary
  • multiple interactions over time
44
Q

What is the extended contact hypothesis?

A

knowledge of a close friendship between an ingroup member and an outgroup member can lead to improved generalized attitudes towards the outgroup (even in the absence of direct contact)

knowing someone in your ingroup is close to someone in out-group can reduce prejudice to the outgroup

45
Q

What is a jigsaw classroom

A

small, mixed groups
information must be shared

Builds trust and cooperation –> decreased prejudice

46
Q

Can we exert some control towards controlling prejudice??

A

YES

Through motivations

To maintain positive self views

47
Q

TRUE/FALSE

A

When people want to control their prejudice, they can have a positive influence on their prejudice levels

ex. I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be non-prejudiced towards people of other ethnicities”

48
Q

What is higher motivation in relation to prejudice?

A

less explicit and implicit prejudice

PSYCH 360 Final (5 decks)

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