Week 12: Stereotypes and Prejudice Flashcards
T/F: Is prejudice an attitude?
TRUE
What is the definition of prejudice?
negative attitudes directed at a group because of membership in that group
The affective component of prejudiced attitude (prejudice or bias), can be positive or negative
T/F?
TRue
What are stereotypes?
generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members of the group regardless of actual variation among members.
Stereotypes simplify our complex world
True/False
Members of stigmatized groups are treated differently, even by their own parents
True
True/False:
even members of stigmatized groups think of themselves differently
TRUE
True/false
people can also selectively apply stereotypes to serve self-enhancement needs
TRUE
What is the definition of discrimination?
Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group, based solely on group membership
ex. landlords discriminate against gay/lesbian tenant
- female customers higher price
Not always obvious and overt
True/false: Recent events suggest that explicit prejudice is again on the rise
TRUE
What is modern racism?
outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes
Methods of measuring prejudices must be more subtle today
What is the IAT?: Implicit association test
people respond to words or pictures on the computer (associate black or white faces with unpleasant words), and their response times reveal hidden prejudice
TEST could be measuring familiarity rather than bias or prejudice
What are 2 forms of modern racism?
Aversive and casual
What is an example of aversive racism?
someone experiencing aversive racism expresses attitudes that support equality, while, at the same time, being uncomfortable sitting next to individuals from another group.
What is casual/everyday racism>
Common, often undetected, forms of differential treatment of others based on racial category.
Ex. Teachers ignoring students of colour or disproportionally punishing those students for behaviours not punished for others.
True/false:
A 2009 survey found that more than 20% of landed immigrants to Canada experienced discrimination in the prior year, most reporting multiple experiences.
TRUE
Incarceration rates of black people in Canada
Black people make up about 2.5% of Canadas population. Yet, they now reprsent just over 9% of the federal inmate population
Incarceration rates of aboriginal people in canada
make up only 4% of Canadas population, they reprsent 21.5% of those serving time in federal prisions.
What is realistic conflict theory?
intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources
Ex. members of different ethnic groups may compete for the same job
limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in increased preudice and discrimination.
What causes prejudice?
Prejudice is a byproduct of using schemas
What is the term called, where we prefer groups that we are in
In group bias
Groups the world into US vs THEM
Social identity theory
What is social categorization?
we make sense of our social world by putting people into groups according to their characteristics (Gender, ethnicity)
Both useful and needed.
What is the in-group bias?
The tendency to evaluate in-group members more postiviely, than out group members
The more strongly one identifies with their own group, the more likely one is to discriminate against the out-group
Why do we show the in-group bias?
belonging to a group gives us social identity, and having a social identity contributes to self-esteem
Research shows that people who are high in the following dimensions are more likely to hold negative attitudes towards out-groups than are others
right wing authoritarianism
Religious fundamentalism
Social dominance orientation
What is right-wing authoritarianism?
high degree of submission to authority figures
Aggression towards groups that are seen as legitimate targets by authority figures
High degree of conformity to rules established by authority figures
What is religious fundamentalism?
a belief in the absolute and literal truth of one’s religious beliefs
Belief that their religion is right and that forces of evil are threatening to undermine the truth
Not to be confusd with being religious
What is social dominance orientation?
Belief that groups of people are inherently unequal
Belief it is acceptable for some groups to benefit more than others, and for some groups to receive poorer treatment than others.
In order to increase prejudice, stereotypes must be activated. When does this occur?
When we hear someone else make a negative remark about a group
When we observe a negative action by one of the group members
True/False:
To maintain positive self view
We activate stereotypes when they help boost our self-esteem
TRUE
T/F:
Even if others don’t discriminate agianst you, thinking about belonging to a stereotyped group can affect your academic perforamnce
TRUE
black students with same level of prep are white students still underachieve at college
In relation to prejudice… what are self-fulfilling properhcies?
When a member of a disadvantaged group in mistreated by a member of a majority group, the disadvantaged person is unlikely to peform well, thereby confirming the majority group member’s negative stereotype and perpeutating the discrimination
What is stereotype threat?
The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an exisitng cultural stereotype.
Being reminded of a negative stereotype associated wtih one’s group may impair perofrmance on a relevant task.
true/false:
in relation to stereotype threat.. failure is threatening at the individual and group level
TRUE
Anxiety interferes with performance, leading the person to confirm the stereotype.
What is an important note of the stereotype threat?
You don’t need to believe the negative stereotype about your group for stereotype threat to occur
Even if you don’t endorse the belief, you worry you will confirm it –> distraction –> poor performance
What is the cross-race effect?
racial ingroup members are recognized better than racial outgroup members
differential processing for ingroup-outgroup faces
a) individuate - loo kfor unique feautres
ex. hair colour , eye colour
b) assimilate - similarity to stereotypical expectations
_________ aides recognition of ingroup members. _________ impairs recognition of outgroup members
individuation
assimilation
In the robbers cave experiemnt, did positive propaganda use work to reduce prejudice?
No.
Positive propaganda about one group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help
In the robbers cave experiment, did contact usage work to reduce prejudice?
No.
Doing non-competitive activities together (ex. watching movies) did not help
In the robbers cave experiment, did the usage of cooperative action reduce prejudice?
YES
Experimenters arranged for camp truck to break down
Both groups needed to pull it uphill
Intergroup friendships began to develop.
What is mutual interdependence?
a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to both groups
Prejudice can be reduced by the creation of common goals
what is the intergroup contact hypothesis?
contact between members of different groups will lead to more harmonious intergroup relations
what is the special role of friendship?
friendship provides a framework for describing the facilitating conditions for positive intergroup contact.
- Equal status
- Common goals
- cooperation
- supportive norms (Support from autorities)
- voluntary
- multiple interactions over time
What is the extended contact hypothesis?
knowledge of a close friendship between an ingroup member and an outgroup member can lead to improved generalized attitudes towards the outgroup (even in the absence of direct contact)
knowing someone in your ingroup is close to someone in out-group can reduce prejudice to the outgroup
What is a jigsaw classroom
small, mixed groups
information must be shared
Builds trust and cooperation –> decreased prejudice
Can we exert some control towards controlling prejudice??
YES
Through motivations
To maintain positive self views
TRUE/FALSE
When people want to control their prejudice, they can have a positive influence on their prejudice levels
ex. I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be non-prejudiced towards people of other ethnicities”
What is higher motivation in relation to prejudice?
less explicit and implicit prejudice
