week 12 - fertility and fertility management Flashcards by brianna wheeler

conception path

testes -> epidymis ->
vas deferens ->
urethra -> vagina -> cervix ->
uterus -> uterine tubes

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ovum path

ovaries -> uterine tubes

one ovum (egg) released each mens cycle (day 14)

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where does fertilization occur

uterine tube

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if egg + sperm develop in uterine tube, what type of preg is this

ectopic
- no source for zygote to implant and no nutrients

dangerous and fatal

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how does a preg occur

a Blastocyst travels from uterine tube to uterus -> zygote divides to form mass of cells and then gets implanted in endometrium

after several divisions -> embryo

after approx 8wks = fetus

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natural BC methods

abstinence
outercourse (hugging, kissing, touching)
pull out method (coitus interruptus)

fertility awareness

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fertility awareness method

tracking cycle

safe days are 9-13

Cervical mucus changes consistency through out cycle
- Prior to and during ovualtion = thicker
- This can help know when they are ovulating

Calendar
- Keeping track of cycle
- Ovulation occurs on or aroung day 14
- Mens = 21

Basal body temp
- Changes through out cycle
Tends to dip prior to ovulation and spike after

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male condoms

pros:
- STI protection
- no side effects

cons
- interrupts activity
- latex allergy
- less sensation
- breakage

failure rate = 2%
avg = 17%

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female condoms

pros;
- inserted up to 8hrs before sex
-STI protection

polythane pouch inserted in vag canal

cons
- noisy
- move
- slippage

avg= 27%, perfect use=5%

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spermicide

pros:
- cheap
-readily available

cons
- used w/ or w/out a diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20mins before sex & doesn’t protect against STIs

Often used along with contraceptive sponge

Diaphragm can be used more than 1

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contraceptive sponge

pros;
- insert right before or sev hours before sex

cons;
- no STI protection
- may increase HIV risk (bc it can chafe cervix)

can only be used once

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emergency contraception

plan b

Contain progestrine
Derivative of progrsterone

can be used up to 5 days after sex (within 72hr is ideal)

reduces preg risk by 75%

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hormonal perscription contraception

pill, ring, patch, IUD

mimic pregnancy hormones,
tricking the body into thinking it is pregnant; prevents ovulation

prevents development of
endometrium, thickens cervical mucus

Lighten duration or eliminate menstruation

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non -hormonal perscription contraceptives

diaphragm/cervical cap

needs to be fitted (making sure it fits tight over cervix)

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injectable contraceptive

Pros: 3 months of protection; effective; discrete

Cons: doesn’t protect against
STIs; menstrual irregularities

side effects
Weight gain

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contraceptive patch

Pros: effective; discrete

Cons: doesn’t protect
against STIs; side effects (Irritation around skin where patch is (arms, back, thigh, butt)

nuvaRing (hormonal ring)

folded into vag, towards cervix

lies overtop of cervix and releases hormones

worn for 3 weeks and taken off during menstration

side effects
- breast tenderness, headaches, weight gain

Pros: 3 weeks protection at a time; shorter, lighter periods

Cons: doesn’t protect against STIs; may be side effects

diaphragm

Used with spermacide to fill and cover ring of diaphragm

Sits over cervix and protects against preg

pro: can insert up to 6 hours prior to intercourse; protects for 6 hours

con: needs to be fitted; more expensive; can be moved out of place; must be left in place for 6 hours after sex

After sex
Left in place for additional 6hrs

risks
urinary tract infections (UTIs), allergic reactions to the diaphragm or spermicid

IUD

typically hormonal

prevents fertilization or implantation

inserted into uterus - effective right away - reduces risk of endometrial cancer (thinning the uterine lining (endometrium)

Pros:
– Lasts approx. 3-5 years
– May stop menstruation
– Effective immediately
– Reduces risk of some cancers

Cons:
– No protection against STIs
– Expensive $100/300+
– Needs to be inserted
– Cramps, expulsion

side effects:
- cramps
- expulsions (into vag canal and must be removed)

copper IUD

copper ions released from the IUD make the uterus and fallopian tubes inhospitable for sperm, hindering their movement and ability to fertilize an eg

hormonal IUD

The hormone progestin thickens the mucus in the cervix, making it harder for sperm to reach an egg.

can also prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg, which is necessary for fertilization.

female sterlization (tubal ligation)

can be cauterized (sealed off w/ heat)

sutured
- cut, tied, or blocked + sealed)

Result is same = pathway for ovum = blocked

Natural processes still occur but no where for it to go

vasectomy

small incision in scrotum exposes vas deferens

section of vas is removed and ended cut or cauterized

then repeated on other side

abortion

Medical abortion (drugs), dilation and curettage or vacuum aspiration to empty contents from uterus

not normally performed after 24wks

first trimester

menstrual cycle

The monthly ovarian cycle, regulated by hormones; in the absence of pregnancy, menstruation occurs. onset of bleeding (1st day of period) is day 1 of mens cycle

menarche

The first menstrual period, experienced by most young women at some point during adolescence. Earlier menarche correlates w/ higher than avg weight

first trimester

from conception to the end of 12 weeks rapid development for the embryo and the beginning of significant changes for the expectant mother. crucial for establishing prenatal care and determining the estimated due dat symptoms - morning sickness - higher risk of spontaneous abortion - fatigue, nausea, and breast tenderness

second trimester

week 13 to week 28 fetus develops further, and the pregnant person may start to feel fetal movement, also known as quickening - start to see bump fetus continues to develop its organs and systems, with the digestive system starting to function by about 18 week symptoms from 1st tri start to subside

third trimester

week 28 to 40 (or until delivery) final phase of gestation and is characterized by significant fetal growth and development, as well as preparation for birth baby's organs mature, it gains weight, and its body prepares for life outside the womb

keys to healthy pregnancy

eat sensibly - weight gain is risk for gestational diabetes - also risk for baby, obesity, type 2 diabetes. higher risk of infection so ensure proper food safety and min exposure to infectious agents avoid sodium nitrate and nitrates due to carcinogenic potential FOLIC ACID - prevents neural tube defects and required for DNA replication

Spinal Bifida

happens when there is low folic acid incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal

more keys to healthy pregnancy

avoid tobacco, alcohol and caffeine - promotes FASD stay active to promote mental health and wellness avoid drugs, toxins and heavy metals breathe clean air and drink clean water

childbirth

first stage - positining baby As it presses against cervix starts to stretch - Pressure of head on cervix activates stretch receptors that sends signal to brain to release oxytocin - acts on uterine wall to cause contractions which helps moves the baby down 2nd - cervix dilated enough for baby's head + body to padd 3rd - expulsion of placenta - amniotic sac + umbilical cord - placenta is the oxygen exchange for baby

breastfeedings

exlcusive for first 6 mths antibodies passed into new born - provides temp protection bonding due to oxytocin breastfeeding stops ovulation Decreases newborn’s risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and allergies * Increases immune system * Increases bonding * Acts a natural birth control; helps the mother heal * Health Canada recommends exclusively breast feeding for the first six months

fertility options

Sperm donor - Lesbians Intrauterine - Placing sperm into uterus - Can be used in sperm donor too IVF - Peach tree dish Zygotes implanted into mom * Assisted Reproductive Technology * Sperm donor or surrogate * Intrauterine insemination * Hormone therapy * In Vitro Fertilization * Adoption