modules 4-6 Flashcards
1
Q
major components of the cardiovascular system
A
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
2
Q
define cardiovascular system
A
circulates blood through body; consists of blood and blood vessels
3
Q
the heart
A
4 chambers
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs and delivers oxygenated blood to rest of body
4
Q
circulation of heart
A
- carry oxygen poor blood into right atrium from the superioir and inferior venae cavae
- blood goes from right atrium into right ventricle; then pumped through pulmonary arteries into lungs
- blood picks up oxygen in lungs, discards carbon dioxide; then flows through the pulmonary veins into left atrium
- oxygen rich blood flows from left atrium into left ventricle; then pumped through aorta into rest of blood vessels
5
Q
diff between arteries and veins
A
Arteries carry blood away heart, veins carry to
6
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
goverened by right side of heart; the circulation of blood between heart and lungs
7
Q
systemic circulation
A
governed by left; circulation of blood between heart and rest of body
8
Q
name of heart’s contraction and relaxation
A
systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation
9
Q
parts of heart
A
venae cavae
- large veins where blood is returned to right atrium
atrium
- 2 upper chambers of heart where blood collects before passing to ventricles
ventricle
- 2 lower chambers of heart that pump through arteries to lungs and other parts of body
aorta
- large artery that receives blood from left ventrilce and distributed it to body
10
Q
what is heartbeat controlled by
A
nerve impulses
In bundle of cells in right atrium, sinoatrial node, or pacemake
11
Q
types of blood vessels
A
veins
- carry blood to walls
- thin walls
arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- Thick elastic walls allowing them to expand and relax with the volume of blood being pumped through them
capillaries
- Deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the tissues and pick up oxygen-poor blood
then enter into venules and then into larger veins to repeat cycle
coronary arteries
- system of arteries branching from arota that provides blood to heart muscle
12
Q
modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A
- Tobacco
- High blood pressure
- Unhealthy blood cholesterol level
- Physical inactivity
- Overweight + obesity
- Diabetes
- alcohol
- diet (sodium intake)
- stress
13
Q
non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A
- Heredity
- Aging (risk increases with age)
- Being male (sex)
- Ethnicity (african, south asain, indg)
14
Q
risks of smoking
A
- leading preventable behaviour
- die 7 years earlier
- associatyed with bronchitis and emphysema
- risk of miscarriage
- damages lining of arteries
- reduces HDL or good choles
- increases blood pressure and rate
- causes platelets to stick together leading to clotting
15
Q
risks of high blood pressure
A
- eye damage
- heart attack
- kidney failure
- stroke
- damage to artery walls
16
Q
hypertension
A
High blood pressure
causes more strain on heart and blood vessels
can cause lesions in vessels, promoting atherosclerosis
17
Q
when does high blood pressure occur
A
occurs when too much force is exterted against artery walls
blood pressure = force exerted by blood on vessel walls, creates by pumping of heart
18
Q
unhealthy blood cholesterol level
A
carried out by lipoproteins
Fatty, wax-like substance that circulated through bloodstreams
too much can clog arteries
19
Q
good vs bad choles
A
good
- HDL
bad
- LDL
20
Q
eating heart healthy
A
- healthy fats (no trans, unsat > sat fat
- lower sodium
-veggies + fruit
- adequate B vitamins
21
Q
benefits of working out
A
- raise HDL levels
- lowers risk for CVD
22
Q
risks of stress for CVD
A
- activate sympathetic nervous system
- increase heart rate and blood pressure
23
Q
heredity
A
- if u have 1st degree relative with CAD, increased ur risk
- Coronary artery disease is usually result of interaction between genetics and lifestyle
24
Q
females protection against CVD
A
estrogen protects women from it
25
A death of a part of the heart muscle due to lack of blood and oxygen is called:
myocardial infarct
26
major forms of CVD
- atherosclerosis
- coronary artery diseases (CAD) - leads to heart attack (myocardinal infarction)
- arteriosclerosis
- stroke
27
atherosclerosis
- lesion can be caused by nicotine, high BP, choles (fats deposit in there)
- Narrowing of arteries due to build up of fats
- Macrophages ingest fat and cholesterol but do not have hunger switch so they keep eating until they explode, making things worse
- risk for heart attack
28
atherosclerosis progression
1. plaque buildup begins when endothellal cells lining arteries are damaged - exess choles collect beneath cells
2.platelets collect at site. fibrous cap forms isolating plaque in wall. this early stage is called a fatty streak
3. chemicals released by cells cause inflammation. advanced plaque contains LDL, white blood cells
4. narrowed artey vulnerable to blockage by clots. risk for heart attack or stroke increases when fibrous cap cracks
5. if clot travelling thru blood stream, may become trapped in narrowed artery at site of plaque build up. cutting off blood supply and oxygen to tissue
29
coronary artery disease
- when artery is clogged, blocking nutrient & oxygen delivery to cells, leading to cell death, causes a heart attack
- results in damage to or death of heart muscle
symtpoms
- chest pain (angina)
- racing heart
-shortness of breath
30
heart attack symptoms
- chest discomfort
- discomfort in other areas (neck, jaw, shoulder)
- shortness of breath
- sweating
- nausea
- light-headed
31
arteriosclerosis
when artery walls become stiffer
- irreversible
32
stroke
- blockage to blood flow in region of brain tissue
- cerebrovascular accident
33
Ischemic & hemorrhagic strokes
Ischemic
- more common
- blockages in brain blood vessels
hemorrhagic
- less common
- blood vessel bursts
- develops from aneurysm
both lead to reduced blood flow, lack of oxygen delivery, tissue death
34
types of strokes
- ischemic
- hemorrhagic
- intracerebral
- thrombotic
35
intracerebral & thrombotic stroke
intracerebral
- bleed from blood vessel inside brain
- caused by high BP and damage it does to arteries
thrombotic
- caused by thrombi, blood clots that form where an artery has been narrowed
- due to formation of fatty deposits that build up & reduce blood flow (arthero) or other artery conditions
36
effects of stroke
- prevents nerve cell function
- long lasting disability
37
signs of stroke
Face - is it drooping?
Arms - can u raise
Speech - is it slurred
Time - call 911 right away
38
risks of obesity
- hypertension, HDL, type 2 diabetes
39
CVD treatments
angioplasty
- enlarging arty by using ballon-type instrument to push open vessel and insert stent to hold it open
coronary artery bypass
- surgically replace blocked/narrowed artery with healthy segments of vessels from elsewhere (leg vein) (think grandpa wheeler)
40
basic physiology of diabetes
- characterized by elevated blood glucose levels bc of insufficient supply or inadequate action of insulin
- increases CVD risk by 2-4x
- Elevated blood glucose and insulin level can damage the endothelial cells that line the arteors making them vulnerable to atherosclerosis
41
types of diabetes
type 1
- autoimmune
- attacks pancreatic cells
- does not produce enough insulin
type 2
- body does not respond to insulin to produce glucose
42
function of insulin
for body's cells to take up glucose
43
ways i can lower my risk of CVD
- stay physically active
- eat healthy diet
- manage stress levels
- dont drink or smoke
44
what is cancer
- abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells due to genetic (DNA) mutations that disrupt cell cycle and cause death
45
what cardiovascular system does
- transports oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the body's cells and removes wasre
- oxygen and fuel (glucose, fatty acids) used to generate ATP (energy)
- without ability to make ATP, cells die
46
basic cancer biology
- abnormal cells continue to divide and create other abnormal cells
- eventually forms neoplasms (tumours) that can spread
- malignant tumours can invade blood or lymphatic vessels and spread to secondary tumours
- death occurs when cancer affects a major organ or system in body to point where organ function is compromised
47
neoplasm
tumour
48
tumour development
1. begins when cell is altered and grows. reproduce and can cause new mutations
2. after more mutations, descendants of altered cells may be abnormal called dysplasia.
3. affected cells may become more abnormal. in situ cancer is diagnosed if abnormal cells are found in location they first formed
4. abnormal cells may gain ability to invade nearby tissues causing invasive tumour. function of tissue or organ may be altered but hasn't spread yet
5. if spread so it sheds malingant cells into blood or lymphatic vessel, can travel to distant cites to make new tumour throughout body
49
how does cancer spread
through blood or lymphatic system
50
common cancer types
- skin
- breast
- prostate
- lung
- colorectal
- uterine, cervical, ovarian
- bladder
51
how cancer can damage the body
- tumours can block a blood vessel, compromising nerve or interfere body function
- use up energy supply and nutrient for healthy cells
- can metastasize from their OG tissue to another area of body, compromising function
51
metastasis
cancer spreading
52
immune system harm
- leave body more vulnerable to negative effects of infection
53
blood cancer harm
- have same fundamental property of uncontrolled multiplication
54
skin cancer
- most are carcinomad (grow slowly, easy to treat)
- malignant melanoma is rare but most deadly
- risks
- fair skin, eyes, hair
- history of childhood
sunburn or sun exposure
- genetics
use sunscreen!
treatment
55
breast cancer
risks
- exposure to estrogen
- age (over 50)
- genetics
most common cancer in F
dangerous when it metastasizes forming seconday tumours
mammograms
treatment
- surgery (tumour and lymph nodes) (lump =tumour, masectommay = remove breast)
- radiation
- chemo
56
melanoma warning signs
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving
57
lung cancer
leading mortal cancer
smoking is #1 risk factor - abestoes + pollution
symptoms don't appear until later
58
function of prostate
- walnut-sized gland near the bladder
- secretes fluid that becomes part of semen
59
prostate cancer
risks
- age, obesity, physical inactivity. STI history, excess animal fat
symptoms
- change in urinary flow/frequency
regular screening after age 50
screeening
- digital rectal
- prostate-specific antigen test
treatment
- surgery
- radiation, cyrotherapy
60
colorectal cancer
- starts with formation of non-cancerous growths called polyps in intestine
risks
- older age
- male sex
- IBS
- obesity
- smoking
symptoms
- changes in bowel movements
- pain/tenderness in abdomen
- blood in feces
detection
- colonoscopy
fecal blood screening over age 50
61
cervical cancer
- leading risk is HPV
- causes virtually all cerv
cancers
get pap tests for early detection
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, painful sex
62
endometrial
cancer cells lining uterus
63
causes of cancer
- chemicals (benzene, ethanol)
- radiation (UV, xray)
- pathogens (HPV, h. plyori)
- tobacco use
- red meats (nitrates)
64
oncogenes
genes involved in the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell
65
tumour suppressor genes
- type of oncogene that functions to restrain cellular growth
66
how to detect cancer
self monitor- look for lumps, sores, or changes in regular functioning
- through screening (to those who potentially have a disease)
- testing (done on those who are believed to have it)
- biopsy to confirm tumour
67
diagnosing cancer
- biopsy to confirm tumour
- knowledge of precise location and size of tumour for effective surgery and treatment
- imaging techniques (MRI, CT, X-rays)
68
cancer treatment
- surgical removal
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- immunotherapy
- gene therapy
- hormone therapy
69
cancer surgery
- removing all of cancerous cells
- common in breast, prostate, lung, colon
70
chemotherapy
use of drugs to target and kill cancer cells
targeting cells that are rapidly dividing
can cause hair loss, fatigue, nausea
71
radiation
good for localized tumours
beams focused from several directions resulting in a higher dose at the tumour to kill cancel cells
damages DNA
72
immunotherapy
stimulating immune system w/ drugs
giving immune system antibodies
cancer vaccines
73
gene therapy
modifying genetic material of cancer cells
modifying genetic material of immune cells
use of altered viruses to deliver genetic material
74
CRISPR
allows scientists to modify the DNA of living organisms
acronym for "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
When a virus infects a bacterium, the bacterium transcribes the CRISPR sequence into RNA
The RNA guides a nuclease protein to the viral DNA, cutting it
This protects the bacterium from the virus
75
hormon therapy
effective agaisnt cancers helped by hormones
drugs that block hormone receptors or lower hormone levels
drugs that block estrogen receptors or lower estrogen levels
76
how i can prevent cancer risk
- wear sunscreen
- dont smoke
- avoid UV expsosure, radiation
- eat healthy (lots of fruits and veggies, dont eat burnt BBQ foods)
- get screened and vaccinated
77
physical activity
all leisure and non-leisure body movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in an increase in energy (caloric) expenditure
78
exercise
planned, structured, repetitive physical activity that is spefically aimed at improving physical fitness
79
physical fitness
extent to which the body can respond to increased physical demand; to perform moderate to vigorous activity without becoming tired
80
components of physical fitness
- cardiorespiratory (aerobic) fitness
- muscular stength
- muscular endurance
- flexibility (most neglected)
- body composition
81
muscular strength
the force a muscle can produce with maximal effort
- depends on muscle cell size
- depends on motor neuron activity
strong muscles = important for daily activity keeping skele in proper alignment
important for recreational activities (soccer, cycling, etc)
82
muscle tissue is..
an important element of overall body composition
more muscle = higher BC
83
metabolism and faster energy use =
easier to maintain a healthy weight
84
benefits of exercise
- improves digestion
- increases metabolism
- improves respiratory capacity
- enhances immunity (reduces cortisol levels)
- brigthens mood (endorphin release)
- improves mobility and independence when older
- longer life expectanty (2.5hrwk leads to 4.25 years and good BMI leads to 7.2 years)
85
immediate effects of exercise
- increased levels of neurotransmitters
- increases hear rate and stroke volume
- reduced blood flow to stomach, intestines and kidney which results less activity in digestive tract and less urine output
- increased blood flow to skin and increased sweating to maintain safe body temp
86
long-term effects
- improved cognitive functioning and ability to manage stress; enhanced learning and memory
- lower risk of heart disease and upper respiratory tract infections
- reduced risk of colon cancer and other forms
- prevents type 2 diabetes due to insulin sensitivity
87
protection against disease
- stronger heart muscle, effective blood pumping and lower BP prevents CVD
- increased HDL prevents blood choles levels
- certain cancers (kidney, colom, head+neck)
- osteoporosis (exercising and well-balanced diet increases bone mass)
88
does exercise promote longetivity
yes
the more active, the lower the death rate
89
moderate physical activity
about 150cals per day, min 150mins/week for 5 or more days
- walking to/from work
- cycling to/from class
-yardwork
- dancing
creates better blood cholesterol levels, reduced body fat, better BP control, reduced risk of chronic diseases, promote weight loss
90
moderate exercise program
cardorespiratory endurance (30 mins, 5 days per/week) - strength training + stretching
- walking for 30 mins
- weight training, 1 set of 8 exercises
- stretching
benefits lifestyle, improves physical condition, muscular strength and endurance - reductions in chronic disease risk
91
vigorous exercise program
- cardiorespiratory endurance, strength training, stretching
- jogging
-intervals (running)
- weight training
- stretching
greater fitness increases and reduction in chronic disease risk
however, can increase risk of injury
92
risks of exercise
- traumatic injuries (ankle sprain, arm fracture)
-overuse injuries (shin splints, tennis elbow)
- general overstress
- temp injury
- sudden cardiac death (known or unknown pre-existing conditions)
- compulsive tendencies
moderation is key
93
common exercise injuries and discomfort
- blister
- bruise
- joint sprain
-muscle cramp
- muscle soreness/stiffness
- muscle strain
-plantar facilitis
- shin splint
- side stitch
- tendinitis
94
plantar fascilitis
pain/tenderness in connective tissue in bottom of feet
- apply ice and stretch
- night splints when sleeping
95
R-I-C-E
rest, ice, compression, elevation
96
tendinitis
pain, swelling, tenderness of affected area
-R.I.C.E.
- apply heat 2 daus after injury, stretch and strengthen affected area
97
muscle cramp
painful, spasmodic muscle contractions
gently stretch for 15-30seconds or massage. drink fluids and increase dietary salt intake if exercsing in hot weather
98
exercise recommendations
- 15-12: 60mins of moderate-vigorous intensity activity/day
- 13-18: 60mins of moderate-vig intensity activity/day
- 18-65: 150 mins of moderate-vogorous activity per week
99
2 ways body produces energy
- aerobically with oxygen (glucose+oxygen - water+carbon dioxide + energy)
- anaerobically (no oxygen)
C6H12O6 - 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
glucose - lactic acid + energy
100
aerobic exercises
uses large muscle groups (legs, glutes, core, etc.) at the same time
- jogging
- swimming
-dancing
101
anaerobic activity
intense workouts that are performed with maximum effort for a short period of time
- weight lifting
- high intensity interval training
- sprinting
102
FITT principle: guidelines for physical fitness
aerobic
- 4-7 days p/w
- 55-90% of max heart rate
- 30-60 mins
resistance
- 2-4 days p/w
- enough to enhance muscle strength + improve body composition
- 8-12 repititions of 8-10 diff exercises
stretching
- 4-7 days p/w
- enough to develop & maintain full range of motion
- 4 repitions of 1- to 30seconds per muscle group
103
developing cardiorespiratory fitness
- aerobic activities u enjoy
- 4-7x p/w; no more than 2 days in between sessions
-150mins at mod vigorous level
- atleast 10mins of bouts
-30mins per day is good rule
104
developing muscular fitness
- strength training requires resistance exercise
- strive for balance between left/right side, upper/lower body and opposing muscle groups (triceps/biceps)
- isometric exercises involve force generation w/out movement (contracting ab muscles)
- isotonic exercises involve force + movement, bench press, biceps
- have 1 day rest between working same muscle group
105
isometric exercises
involve force generation w/out movement (contracting ab muscles
106
isotonic exercises
involve force + movement, bench press, biceps
107
developing flexibility
range of motion around a joint
- most neglectes
- should feel tension, not pain
108
specificity of basic principles of training
specific adaptation to imposed demand
109
overload of basic principles of training
to see improvements, must challenge body beyond current abilities
110
progressive overload of basic principles of training
overload is increased over time according to FITT principle
111
reversibility of basic principles of training
aka use it or lose it
- u can lose up to 50% of improvements within 2 months if u stop exercising
112
individual differences of basic principles of training
- people have diff response to exercise
- males have higher endurance capacity than females
113
prevention of activity-related injuries
- get a medical evaluation if you're under 35 and have been sedentary
increase level gradually
do a warm up to stimulate joint to produce lubricating (synovial) fluid; readies metabolism
maintain correct techniques
114
signs of overtraining
persistant pain, esp around or in joint
increased difficulty performing a standard or familiar amount of exercise
general feeling of tiredness, lack of energy
give your body correct recovery time!
115
Sedentary
physically inactive, lots of sitting
116
unit 5 key takeaways
- Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada
~30% of all deaths are due to cancer
~50% of Canadians will develop some type of cancer
- Cancer occurs more frequently in older age
- Lung, breast, colorectal and prostate account or over half of all newly diagnosed cancers
- Mortality has dropped since the early 2000s
Improvements in screening, early detection
- More effective, less toxic treatments
- Non-malignant melanoma(skin cancer)is the most commonly diagnosed cancer
117
unit 6 key takeaways
- Physical activity is one of the best things you can do to minimize disease risk and promote health
- To make physical activity a consistent part of your life, find activities you enjoy and people you enjoy doing them with
- In addition to getting the recommended amounts of physical activity, try to minimize sedentary behaviours
118
The most common type of stroke is an ischemic stroke.
True
119
Atherosclerosis in a major heart artery can lead to CAD as it narrows coronary arteries due to accumulation of smooth muscles covering fatty deposits into arterial lesions.
True
120
Males are more likely than females to have a heart attack in their forties.
Correct!
True
True
121
Prehypertension or mild hypertension can often be treated by changes in lifestyle alone.
Correct!
True
True
122
Males have a greater risk of heart attack and stroke than females do because
females seem to be protected from heart disease by estrogen
123
The large blood vessel through which waste-laden, oxygen-poor blood from the body travels is called the
vena cava.
124
The blood vessels that connect the arterioles and venules are the
capillaries.
125
Which of the following are considered major risks of tobacco as described in the lecture slides?
On average, smokers die 7 years earlier than non-smokers
Smoking doubles the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Smoking 2+ packs per day predisposes one to a 15-25% more likely chance of dying from lung cancer.
It is associated with emphysema
All of the above are true.
- On average, smokers die 7 years earlier than non-smokers
- Smoking doubles the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Smoking 2+ packs per day predisposes one to a 15-25% more likely chance of dying from lung cancer.
It is associated with emphysema
All of the above are true.
126
A neoplasm can be benign.
True
127
Ovarian cancer is more common than cervical cancer.
False
128
Antioxidants may act as carcinogens.
You Answered
False
129
Melanoma usually appears at the site of a pre-existing mole.
True
130
Cancer of the lining of the uterus is called ____________ cancer.
endometrial
131
The most common cause of cancer death in North America is
lung cancer
132
The most dangerous form of skin cancer is
melanoma.
133
135
Dangers of diabetes
CVD
Stroke
Kidney failure
Blindness
Skin sore
136
Diabetes treatment
No cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable
Type 1: insulin injections
Type 2: lifestyle modifications
Losing weight and improving diet, 50% reduction in risk
137
Stages of cancer
Stage 0
Abnormal cells are present but have not spread
Also known as carcinoma in situ (CIS)
CIS is not cancer, but it may become cancer
Most stage 0 cancers are curable
Stage I
The tumor is usually small and hasn't grown outside of the organ it started in
Also called early-stage cancer
Stage II and III
The tumor is larger or has grown outside of the organ it started in to nearby tissue
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
Also known as metastatic cancer
138
Body composition
the percentage of fat, bone, and muscle in the human body
