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bpk 140 > week 10 - drugs and alcohol > Flashcards

week 10 - drugs and alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

drug

A

any chemical other than food that is intended to affect structure or function of body

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2
Q

psychoactive drug

A

acts on nervous system and effects or alters experience or consciousness

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3
Q

intoxication

A

temporary state of impaired physical or mental control

poisoned by substance

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4
Q

addictive behaviour

A

habit that becomes out of control and results in neg health affects

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5
Q

addiction

A

chronic disease, disrupts brains reward pathways, characterized by brains impulsive need and desire to consume drug or alcohol

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6
Q

reinforcement

A

Pos, good feelings that comes with using

Neg, withdrawal symptoms from not using

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7
Q

characteristics of addiction

A

Reinforcement
* Compulsion or craving
* Loss of control
* Escalation (More substance needed to achieve physiological affect - due to tolerance)
* Negative consequences (job performance, relationships, health)

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8
Q

types of addictive behaviours

A

Substance use
disorder
* Gambling disorder (Impulse to gamble even in face of financial ruin)
* Social media disorder
* Gaming disorder
* Compulsive buying or
shopping
* Work addiction (Inability to relax when away from work)
* Compulsive exercise
* Sex addiction (Hesitation to diagnose sex addiction)

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9
Q

routes of adminstration

A

inhalation
-Vaping

subcutaneous injection
-Under skin
- injected under skin

oral dosage
- Tylonel
-Cannabis baked by food

intravenous injection
-Directly into circ system through vein

intramuscular injection
-Into muscle for quicker absorption

Depending on how drug is entered, nervous system will effect quicker or slower

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10
Q

fastest and slowest concrentation for routes of administration

A

Fastest = inhalation

Slowest = oral

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11
Q

T/F injecting/smoking drugs is more likely to cause dependence

A

T

– Strong stimulus-response
pairing (immediate effect)
– They wear off more quickly
– Users may take more
frequent doses

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12
Q

T/F injecting drugs is more likely to transmit infectious diseases like hep and HIV

A

T

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13
Q

T/F smoking drugs can damage air passages

A

T

Increase risk of lung infections
- Smoking
-Vaping

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14
Q

How drugs affect brain

A
  • Changes in brain
    chemistry
  • Altered effects of
    neurotransmitters
  • Some increase the
    effects of dopamine in
    the brain’s reward and
    pleasure pathway - can cause dopamine to rise or be longer
  • Nicotine, cocaine,
    alcohol, heroin and
    amphetamines all
    affect dopamine levels
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15
Q

pharmacological properties

A

characteristics of a substance - how it interacts with the body and produces its effects

Effects on indvs behaviour, psych and body chemistry due to composition of drugs (active ingredient and where is it acting)

crucial for understanding how a drug works, its therapeutic benefits, and potential risks

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16
Q

dose-response function

A

Relationship between amount of drug consumed and type + intensity of resulting effect

Higher doses are assoicated w/ higher risk of accidents

Amount of drug and intensity of effect

The more consumed, more intense effect - If too much, overdose risk

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17
Q

time-action function

A

Delay between consuming drugs and feeling affects

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18
Q

drug history

A

Example, I don’t drink alcohol so when I do, I feel effect faster

how drug effects u based on history of use

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19
Q

factors that influence drug effects

A
  • Pharmacological properties (e.g. composition)
  • Dose-response function (e.g. intensity)
  • Time-action function (e.g. lag time)
  • Drug use history (e.g. first time or not)
  • Route of administration (e.g. oral or injection)
  • Physical factors (e.g. weight)
  • Psychological factors (setting)
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20
Q

stimulants

A

the CNS speed up activity of nervous or muscular system

examples
- caffiene
- nicotine
- cocaine
- ecstasy

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21
Q

what is most popular psychoactive drug

22
Q

caffiene

A

most populat psychoactive drug

coffee, tea, cocoa, energy drinks

mild stimulant so effects at low doses = harmless

excess consumption can cause shaking, difficulty concentrating, insomnia

withdrawal can cause irritability, drowsiness, headaches

23
Q

nicotine

A

found in cigarettes

24
Q

T/F tobacco is leading preventable cause of death, disability, death

A

T

– Smoking is strongly associated with CVD and lung cancer
– Carcinogens in cigarette smoke damage DNA, and poisons weaken tumor fighters
– Chronic smoking can also cause bronchitis, emphysema and reproductive complications

25
T/F if u quit before 30, health does not come close to non-smokers
F, it does
26
benefits of quitting smoking from 8hrs-15yrs
20mins - stop polluting air - BP + pulse rates back to normal 8hrs - carbon monoxide level in blood drop to normal - oxygen level in blood increases to normal 24hrs - heart attack chance decreases 48hrs - nerve endings begin to regrow - ability to smell + taste enhances 2wks to 3mths - circulation imprives - walking = easier - lung increases to 30% 1-9mths - coughing, shortness of breath decreases 1yr - heart disease death risk is half that of smokers 5yrs - stroke risk drops to risk for non-smokers 10yrs - lung cancer decreases and same w/ other cancers - ulcer risk decreases 15yrs - risk of lung cancer is about 25% of continuing smokers - risks of heart disease and death are close to those for non-smokers
27
ecigs + vaping
* Uses a mouthpiece, heating element, battery and liquid * Not yet known to be safer than traditional cigarettes * Vapour still may contain harmful chemicals or unsafe levels of nicotine (currently unregulated) * May help with quitting smoking, may also perpetuate addiction * WHO does not recommend use until studies determine safety
28
short term smoking effects
Mild nicotine poisoning: dizziness; rapid pulse; cold, clammy skin; nausea Effects vary depending on dose and tolerance Nicotine can either exicte or tranquilize nervous system Nicotine stimulates the cerebral cortex (The outer layer of the brain, which controls complex behaviour and mental activity) and stimulates the adrenal glands to discharge adrenaline Nicotine inhibits urine formation; constricts blood vessels - Causes high BP and fast heart rate - constricted blood vessel requiring heart to pump more blood Depresses hunger and dulls taste buds Associated w/ weight gain over long term use
29
long term effects of smoking
Linked to deadly + disabling diseases - CVD (atherosclerosis, narrowed arteries) ○ Environmental tobacco smoke perm accelrates the rate of plaque accumulation ○ Heart attack - Lung cancer Benzol (chemical in tobacco smoke) causes genetic mutations in lung cells - identical to those w/ lung cancer
30
cocaine
* Potent CNS stimulant * Derived from coca plant * Rapid heart/breathing rate, decreased appetite * Users may experience feelings of euphoria, alertness, competency, power, invincibility – Activates the brain’s reward pathway (dopamine) – Short lasting and ends abruptly – Repeated use can lead to insomnia, weight loss, impotence – Overdose can cause death due to heart irregularities * ‘Crack’ is a less pure freebase form of cocaine
31
why doe ppl die from cocaine use
heart irregularities
32
review effects of cocaine use slide for diagram
33
amphetamines
* Powerful stimulants; effects similar to cocaine; highly addictive * Methamphetamine; “meth” * Can be made from household ingredients, therefore cheap * Cause high levels of dopamine * Promote tolerance, powerfully addictive, very high relapse rate * Chronic use may lead to severe weight loss, heart attack, stroke, paranoia, psychosis, violent behavior. * Amphetamine psychosis: psychotic features including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions
34
MDMA/Ecstasy
*“X","molly"; stimulant and mild hallucinogen * Mood elevator (increases serotonin) * Euphoria, increased energy, heightened sense of belonging * “Coming down' associated with serotonin imbalances, promoting depression * In a club/rave setting can produce dangerously high body temperature and potentially fatal dehydration * Especially dangerous when tolerance develops and user to take drug at a higher dose or mix with other drugs
35
hallucinogens
* A group of psychoactive drugs that alter perceptions (e.g. visual, auditory), feelings and thoughts. * Some examples include: * LSD (”acid”) * Psilocybin (“magic” mushrooms) * MDMA (primarily a stimulant) * DMT * Ketamine * PCP * Generally, less addictive
36
LSD, PCP, and Psilocybin
* LSD (“acid”), PCP (angel dust); psilocybin (magic mushrooms) are hallucinogens * These drugs alter perception, feelings and/or thoughts * Cause “altered states of consciousness" * Typically ingested, effects last ~8+ hrs * Risks of irrational acts while on the drug; LSD users may experience flashbacks * Tolerance develops, but with little physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms (generally not addictive) * Environment, mood, dose and one’s expectations can have a profound effect on whether one has a ‘good trip’ or a ‘bad trip’ * Recent research suggests ‘guided trips’ may have therapeutic application for treating addictive behaviours
37
opiods
* Opioids are a class of drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness and euphoria * Opium, heroin, methadone, morphine, codeine, Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl * Derivatives or synthetic analogues opium from the opium poppy * Some prescribed for pain but most are powerfully addictive * Relaxation, euphoria, slowed breathing, slurred speech, impaired balance * Higher doses can cause stupor, unconsciousness, coma and death * Ongoing opioid (fentanyl) crisis in BC * Naloxone can reverse effects
38
cannabis
* Can be classified as a CNS depressant, hallucinogen or stimulant (various effects) * 45% of Canadians have tried cannabis (use is legal in Canada, see pg. 635) * Active compound (THC) acts on cannabinoid receptors * Acute effects: mild euphoria, heightened perception, drowsiness, red eyes * Chronic effects: – May interfere with memory/learning – Associated with reproductive dysfunction – May promote schizophrenia in those susceptible, especially if used during adolescence – Biggest health risk is effects on airways – Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens
39
cannabis effects slides review
40
benefits of cannabis
* May relieve nausea, vomiting, chronic pain * May help treat glaucoma, epilepsy, anorexia, MS, arthritis and migraines * Safest way to consume is probably ingestion or with a vaporizer; smoking joints is probably the most harmful * Recreational marijuana use is now legal in Canada; logistics of sales and approving business licences is ongoing
41
alcohol (ethanol)
* Alcohol is a CNS depressant, though it may initially feel like a stimulant * Most highly abused psychoactive substance * Acute effects include mild euphoria, relaxation, altered judgement, impaired motor skills * Binge drinking and/or chronic use associated with many health risks
42
Maximum intake should be ≤ drinks/week for females, ≤ drinks/week for males
7 and 14
43
what is one drink
The amount of a beverage that typically contains 13.6 grams of alcohol; also called a standard drink.
44
alcohol absorption
* Alcohol is not digested, it is absorbed directly into the blood through the stomach or small intestinal wall * Several factors influence the rate of alcohol absorption and metabolism: * Sex (Male vs Female) * Size (Weight ad BMI) * Fruit sugar * Food in stomach, especially fats * Liver enzyme activity 20% in stomach and 80% in small intestine
45
short term risks of alcohol use
* Alcohol affects judgement and changes mood * Consumption (especially to excess) can result in: * memory loss * decreased blood sugar levels; flushing, sweating; indigestion * slurred speech, blurred vision, impaired motor skills * impaired sexual function * increased likelihood of riskier behaviours, violence, suicide * increased urine output and dehydration * hangover; withdrawal symptoms * alcohol poisoning; in extreme cases, death
46
long term risks of alcohol use/abuse
* Addiction * CVD * Cirrhosis of the liver * Cancers * Malnutrition * Mental illness * Brain damage * Impaired immune function * Negative social effects * Reproductive effects (impotence, infertility) * Fetal alcohol syndrome (in offspring) * Increased chances of harm to ones self and others (e.g. riskier behaviours, accidents, violence, suicide)
47
slides for alochol diagram
48
risk factor for addiction
* Other mental health conditions, e.g. depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia * Genetic, physiological, personality, social, lifestyle and environmental factors may lead to the development of addiction * Stress, low self esteem, easy access and high social acceptance
49
treatment
* User first needs to realize they have a problem and address underlying causes * Treatment varies, some people quit on their own, others need help * Some examples of treatment options: * Medication-assisted treatment * Treatment centers * Group and Peer Counselling (e.g. AA) * Harm-reduction strategies * Prevention is preferable to treatment
50
for activities that can lead to addiction
stay in control and remember that moderation is key
51
T/F A little bit of alcohol (1-2 servings per day may reduce overall disease risk, too much (>3 per day) increases disease risk
T
52
should u use drug or alcohol as coping mecanism
NO

bpk 140 (10 decks)

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