modules 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
define health
A
the overall condition of the body or mind and the presence or absence of illness or injury
2
Q
define wellness
A
optimal health and vitality, encompassing all the dimension of well-being
3
Q
difference between health and wellness
A
Health refers to a state where the physical body is free from disease,
wellness refers to an overall balance of a person’s physical, social, spiritual, emotional, intellectual, environmental and occupational well-being
4
Q
social determinants of health
A
(13)
1. income
2. education
3. job security
4. early childhood development
5. food insecurity
6. housing
7. social exclusion
5
Q
social determinants of health pt. 2
A
- social safety net
- health services
- indg status
- gender
- ethnicity
- disability
6
Q
dimension of wellness
A
- physical (diet, exercise
- emotional (relationships)
- intellectual (challenge mind)
- spiritual (guiding beliefs, meditation
- environmental (protect against hazards)
- financial (balancing income, live within means)
7
Q
leading causes of death in Canada
A
- cancer
- heart disease
- accidents
- stroke
- chronic lower respiratory infections
- influenza and pneumonia
- diabetes
- alzheimers
- suicide
- chronic liver disease
8
Q
life expectancy
A
of years an indv is expected to live based on where and when they were born
- calculated as an avg # of years in a given population
9
Q
lifespan
A
of years that a living organism are biologically/physiologically wired to live
- humans = 120yrs
- tortoise, much longer
10
Q
SMART goals
A
SPECIFIC (state objectives, eat 3 fruits a day)
MEASURABLE (run 3k days per day)
ATTAINABLE (set goals within physical limits)
REALISTIC (nicotine replacements instead of smoking)
TIME-FRAME SPECIFIC (set agenda to meet goal)
11
Q
Steps to assess credibility
A
- go to original source
- watch for misleading language
- distinguish between research reports and public health advice
- anecdotes are’t factual
- make choices that are right for you
12
Q
Steps to assess credibility pt.2
A
- look at source
- look for site updates (u want them to updated frequent)
- avoid promotional sites
- look at what other sources say
- does site conform to a set of criteria for accuracy?
13
Q
T/F. Expecting success in behaviour change actually decreases the likelihood of achieving success.
A
false
14
Q
T/F. Poor lifestyle choices can be directly linked to mortality rates in the late twentieth century.
A
True
15
Q
T/F. A person who is devoutly religious is assured of good spiritual health.
A
false
16
Q
T/F. Information acquired through personal experience is not valid scientific evidence.
A
T
17
Q
T/F. The wellness concept defines health as the absence of disease.
A
F
18
Q
According to the “SMART” criteria; a behaviour change such as “drink eight cups of water every day” is an example of being
A
Specific
19
Q
When considering health information available on the Internet, which of the following is not an important question to ask yourself when considering the reliability and accuracy of the information?
A
Headquarters
20
Q
Epidemiology: causation
A
- Strength of association
)Many studies have shown that smoking is strongly associated with lung cancer) - dose-response (more cogs a day increases risk
- consistency
- temporally correct (cancer coming after cigs)
- specificity (increased risk of lung cancer is related to smoking)
- biologically plausible
( mechanism to explain cause and effect)
21
Q
Social determinants of health include all but which of the following:
A
genetics
22
Q
A commonly used quantitative indicator of health is
A
- life expectancy
- infant mortality rate
23
Q
According to the stages of change model, people at this stage plan to act within a month or may already have begun to make small changes in their behaviour.
A
preperation
24
Q
stages of change
A
- precontemplation (Starting to want to make a change)
- Contemplation ( - Emotional arousal and self revelation
“been doing this for a long time, I have a cough, I know the risks”) - Preparation (- Made a commitment to change
Working up to make that change in the near ) - action (Plan has been made and put into action)
- Maintenance (Keeping up the change without relapsing (this is normal and one can continue on!)-
- Termination (Completely adopted new behaviour and have no urge to go back )
25
framingham study
- Began in 1960s/70s. Observational study
- Indv signed up and tracked throughout life (brought back to mark their physical activity, lifestyle choices)
- Cause of death was noted
- To make correlation between behaviours and lifestyle choices with cause of death
Choices to increase longetivity
- Not smoking (greatly increases lung cancer risk)
- Drinking in moderation (updated to not drinking at all)
- Staying active (more physically active = better health)
5 fruits and veggies a day
26
signs + symptoms
signs: smth you can see
symptoms: smth you can feel
27
unit 1 key takeaways
- Achieve and maintain a healthy
weight
- Be physically active on a regular
basis
- Keep a healthy diet
- “Eat real food, not too much, mostly
plants”- Michael Pollan
- Practice positive psychology
- Practice safe sex
If you have sex, use protection;
minimize number of partners
- moderation is key
- Make sure you are in control of
things that might cause dependency
(e.g. alcohol, drugs, gambling,
shopping, dieting) and not the other
way around
- “Know your limit, stay within it”
- Nurture quality relationships
- Prevention is better than treatment
- Manage stress effectively
- Become educated and pursue a
career you enjoy
28
5 guiding principles of Canada health act
1. public administration
- non profit basis
2. comprehensivesness
- health services (hospitals, dentists, etc) must be insured
3. universality
- all insured peeps are entitled to same level of health care
4. portability
- Old province covers you until new province does
5. accessibility
- Everyone who's covered, should have same level of access
29
current challenges to principles
in accessibility and comprehensize, issue in rural areas due to lack of access
30
Western medicine is firmly based on the scientific method of obtaining knowledge and explaining health-related phenomena.
True
31
Conventional medicine is also known as Western medicine.
True
32
how the Canadian health care delivery system operates
- operates on welfare state model (self employed)
- physicians are self employed
- Bill MSP and paid by a schedule
- some physicians opt out of MSP and charge patients, they are then reimbursed by MSP
- FOR profit
- oversee care and maintains integrity and provide funding
- has high quality of care, adequate resources, equal access (relative)
33
welfare state model
- public health care
- self employed health care
- universal
Canada
34
socialist model
- universal but clinics/hospitals are giv run
- physicians are gov employees
Cuba
35
free enterprise model
- health care facilities are private sector
- no universal healthcare
- insurance companies are FOR-profit (medicare)
USA
36
strengths and weaknesses of the Canadian system
strengths:
- high quality of ppl, places, equipment
- relative equal access
- good IMR and longevity stats
weaknesses
- long wait times
- fewer physicians per capita
- limited services and access in rural areas
37
issue of physician and nurse supply in Canada.
- less and less in rural areas
- lack of specialists
all leading to wait times and further issues
38
extra billing
when a health care provider charges a patient directly for an insured medical service that is already covered by the public health care system
39
Compared to global averages Canadians
- make 4X more money
- have a life expectancy ~11
years longer
- have high access to publicly-funded health care
- suffer less from infectious diseases
40
complementary & alternative medicine (CAM)
- Focuses on the body, mind and spirit
- - Based on healing traditions and accumulated experience
○ Traditional
Chinese medicine
- Naturopathy
41
5 domains of CAM practices
1. alternative medical systems
- systems that developed before conventional
approach
- traditional chinese medicine
2. mind-body interventions
- for mind to affect bodily function + symptoms
- meditation
3. biologically based therapies
- natural & biologically based practices
- herbal, biologically therapies
4. manipulative & body-based methods
- based on manipulation + movement of body
- chiropractic, massage
5. energy therapies
- focus on energy fields in body or from other sources
- qi gong, therapeutic touch
42
In 1984, the Canada Health Act was replaced by the Medical Care Act.
True
43
process by which infectious diseases are transmitted
when a microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungi) invades the body of a host
followed by a latent period (time between infection + development of symptoms/signs
44
health literacy
skills to enable access, understanding and use of information of health
45
body’s physical and chemical barriers to infection (1st line of defence)
- first line of defence
- skin (pathogens can enter through cut)
- cilia ( in resp tact, move cells and substances around the body)
- mucus (lined in mouth to prevent passage of unwanted organisms)
- elevated body temp (Fever boosts immune system)
- Cough spews out bacteria
- tears and saliva
46
second line of defence
- immune cells recognize pathogens as foreigns bc pathogens have antigens on surface that's diff from ur own
- cells including macrophages (eat things), T cells (kill infected cells and minimize infection spread) and B cells (release antibodies, bind and stick to antigens and help macrophages break down infectio) launch an immune response to eliminate pathogen
47
immune system: T cells and macrophages
macrophages
- surround + digest foreign matter
- aid immunity by engulfing antibody-bounds pathogens
T-cells
- fight parasites, fungi, cancer cells, infected cells
- thousands of T-cells work together to kill pathogens
48
immune system: B cells and antibodies
antibodies (abs)
- made by B cells
- abs are proteins that stick to antigens on pathogens
- humoral response
- abs coat pathogens and make them clump together so that pathogens:
- cant infect new cells
- can be more effectively eaten by macrophages
49
chain of infection
1. pathogen
- influenza
2. reservoir
- human #1 infected
3. portal of exit
- human #1 sneezes; pathogen exits mouth/nose
4. transmission
- airbone droplets or indirect transfer
5. portal of entry
- human #2 inhales; pathtogen enters nose/mouth
6. new host
- human #2 infected
50
ways to break chain
1. pathogen
- disinfectants
2. reservoir
- treatment or quarantine
3. portal of exit
- masks, condoms
4. transmisson
- handwashing
5. portal of entry
- masks
6. new host
- immunization, treatment
51
how the immune system responds to an invading microorganism
- producing antibodies to identify and destroy the invader
- immune cells recognize pathogens as foreigns bc pathogens have antigens on surface that's diff from ur own
- cells including macrophages (eat things), T cells (kill infected cells and minimize infection spread) and B cells (release antibodies, bind and stick to antigens and help macrophages break down infectio) launch an immune response to eliminate pathogen
52
2 main lymphocytes
T and B cells
53
major types of pathogens and describe the diseases they cause
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protezoa
-parasitc worms
- prions
54
bacteria
- everywhere (most are not harmful)
- cause harm by releasing enzymes or toxins
- antibiotics kill bacteria (many have become resistant tho)
chlamydia causes pneumonia
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough
tuberculosis
55
viruses
- consists of protein shell enclosing DNA or RNA
- invade living cells
- kill host cell or alter function
- treated by antiviral drugs
corona virus
herpes simplex 1 & 2 - cold sores, genital herpes
HIV/AIDS
56
fungi
- absorb nutrients frim host, causing damage; release enzymes
- yeast, mold, mushrooms
cause yeast infections, pneumonia, meningitis
57
Protozoa
- single-celles organisms
- release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells
- release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells
malaria
58
prions
infectious particles
59
parasitic worms
- feed and live in or on host
- either through ingesting (raw fish) or through skin
- attack tissues or organs and compete with host for nutrients
60
steps you can take to prevent infections and strengthen your immune system
- wash hands
- sleep + exercise
- balanced diets
- don' share food/drinks
- avoid rubbing eyes or touching mouth
- avoid contact with sick people
- vaccines
61
Meningitis is infection of the
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
62
bacterial STIS
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
- syphilis
63
chlamydia
symptoms
- discharge and burning when urinating (asymptomatic)
- disrupted menstration
- nausea/vomiting
risks
- ectopic pregnancy, sterility , pelvic inflammation
treatment
- antibiotics
prevention
- condom
spread
- sex
- mother to baby
64
gonorrhea
symptoms
- males: cloudy penile discharge, burning while urinating
- females: greeen/yellow discharge
risks
- PID, inflammation
treatment
- antibiotics
spread
- sex
- mother to baby
65
syphilis
symptoms:
first (days) - sore
second (moths) - rash over body
third (years to decades) - bacteria invade nervous system; mental disturbance, heart failure, blindness, death
risk
- death and serious side effects
transmitted through break in skin by kissing, sex
- mother to baby
treatment
- antibiotics (depending on stage of disease)
66
viral STIs
- HPV
- herpes
- Human immunodeficiency virus
67
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
symptoms
- warts of all kind, genital cancers, painful intercourse
progression
- can clear up with no serious consequences
- persistent infection has high risk of developing pre-cancerous cervical changes which can lead to cervical cancer
prevention
- vaccine (guardasil)
- immune system often clears infection
spread
- contact with warts
- mother to baby
68
herpes
symptoms
- affects mouth (HSV1), genitals (HSV2)
- Flu-like symptoms in addition to genital lesions
- pee pain
treatment
- antivirals
- no cure
69
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
symptoms
- fever, swollen lymph bides, diarrhea (flu symptoms) as progresses, becomes chronic like fatigue and muscle/joint aches
risks
- directly attacks immune system
treatment
- highly active antiretoviral therapy (HAART)
spread
- sex
- contact
- mother to baby
70
high rate of infection
20-34
71
protecting yourself from STIs
- condoms
- getting tested
- vaccines
- practice safe sex
- proper hygiene
