Week 1.2

Question 1

Most antibiotics work how?

Answer 1

They work by blocking the functions of a protein

Question 2

What kind of molecule is the antibiotic Rifampicin and what does it do?

Answer 2

It a molecule that binds (sticks to) a protein that all cells have : RNA Polymerase.

Question 3

What is RNA Polymerase?

Answer 3

RNA Polymerase is a protein enzyme that builds RNA molecules using DNA template.

Question 4

What do scientists use to determine the structure of Proteins?

Answer 4

They use a technique called X-ray crystallography.

Question 5

What subunits are protein built from?

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

What are the 3 positive Amino acids

Answer 6

Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), and Lysine (Lys).

Question 7

What are the 2 Negative Amino Acids

Answer 7

Aspartic Acid (Asp), and Glutamic Acid.

Question 8

What are the 4 Amino Acids with Polar Uncharged Side Chains

Answer 8

Serine (Ser), Threonine (Thr), Asparagine (Asn), Glutamine (Gln)

Question 9

What are the 4 Special Case Amino Acids

Answer 9

Cysteine (Cys), Selenocysteine (Sec), Glycine (Gly), Proline (Pro).

Question 10

What are the 8 Amino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chain?

Answer 10

Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr), and Tryptophan (Trp).

Question 11

What are Amino Acids made of? And how are they held together?

Answer 11

They are made up of atoms and are held together by Covalent Bonds.

Question 12

What are Covalent Bonds?

Answer 12

They are strong bonds that hold atoms together when they share electrons.

Question 13

What are molecules?

Answer 13

They are atoms held together with covalent bonds.

Question 14

What is the molecule Lysine made up of in terms of atoms?

Answer 14

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

Question 15

How do you identify the scientific name of an organism when it is used in a scientific context.

Answer 15

Any scientific context, the scientific name of an organism is typically identified using binomial nomenclature. This system involves two parts.

1. Genus Name: Always capitalize and italicized.
2. Species name: Always lowercase and italicized.

Question 16

What is the main difference in the nucleus between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 16

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus well prokaryotes cells do not have a nucleus. Their DNA is located in a nucleoid region.

Question 17

What are the size differences between the eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 17

Question 18

How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their organelles?

Answer 18

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, such as a mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.

Question 19

What is the difference in ribosome size between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 19

Eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes, while Prokaryotic cells have smaller 70S ribosomes.

Question 20

What are the differences between the DNA structure in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 20

Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA organized into chromosomes within the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells have circular DNA located in the nucleoid region.

Question 21

Do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane? And what can differ between them?

Answer 21

Yes, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, but the composition and structure can differ.

Question 22

Compare the cell wall composition in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Answer 22

In prokaryotic cells, the wall is usually made of peptidoglycan. In eukaryotic cells, if a cell wall is present ( e.g., in plants and fungi), it is made of cellulose or chitin.

Question 23

What type of cell division is seen in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 23

Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis and meiosis, while prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Question 24

Do both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have flagella?

Answer 24

Yes, but eukaryotic flagella are complex and made of microtubules in a “9+2” arrangement, while prokaryotic flagella are simpler and made of the protein flagellin.

Question 25

Compare the presence of plasmids in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Answer 25

Plasmids, which are small circular DNA molecules, are commonly found in prokaryotic cells. They are rare in eukaryotic cells and typically found in some yeast and Protozoa.