Week 11: Where it Began

Question 1

What characteristics define a living thing

Answer 1

Have an Organized Structure​

Are Composed of Organic Molecules and Cells

Grow and Reproduce​ (on their own!)

Respond to the Environment and its Changes​

Have a Metabolism​(Take in Food, Excrete Waste, Maintains Homeostasis)

Evolve and Adapt​

Question 2

Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Nucleus
Membrane-bound Organelles
Size
Cell Division/Reproduction
DNA structure

Answer 2

Nucleus:
Prokaryotes: Lack a true nucleus.
Eukaryotes: Have a distinct nucleus

Membrane-bound Organelles:
Prokaryotes: Lack membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes: Contain membrane-bound organelles

Size:
Prokaryotes: Generally smaller in size 0.5-5 micrometers.
Eukaryotes: Larger in size, with a diameter ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.

Cell Division:
Prokaryotes: Divide by binary fission (asexual reproduction)
single chromosome

Eukaryotes: Undergo mitosis and meiosis
chromosome paired

DNA structure:
Prokaryotes: DNA is circular
Eukaryotes: DNA is linear

Question 3

What is a macromolecule

Answer 3

complete, functional molecule in cell

Macromolecule: Any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules called monomers that join together into a polymer. The main macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose)

Question 4

What is a monomer

Answer 4

units that make up the macromolecules

Monomer (“one-part”): a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger molecule, called a macromolecule

Question 5

what is a Polymer

Answer 5

Large number of monomers boded together

Question 6

List the 4 major macromolecules and their monomers Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both rely on

Answer 6

macromolecules - monomers

Protein - Amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNAs) - Nucleotides

Fats(lipids) - Glycerol and fatty acids

Carbohydrates - Simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Question 7

Explain how Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis.

Answer 7

1. Starts with two independent bacteria
2. One bacterium engulfs the other

3.One bacterium now lives inside the other

4.Both bacteria benefit from the arrangment

5.The internal bacteria are passed on from generation to generation

Question 8

who is Lynn Margulis

Answer 8

Evolutionary biologist

best known for her groundbreaking work on the endosymbiotic theory

Question 9

When did life originate?

Answer 9

3.5 billion years ago

Evidence from microfossils and stromatolites found in S. Africa and Australia

Produced by mainly photosynthesizing bacteria…

Question 10

Life seems to defy a fundamental property of the universe:

Answer 10

entropy

Question 11

what is entropy

Answer 11

Entropy: the universal tendency towards disorder.

Question 12

what is Chemical evolution:

Answer 12

Inputs of energy lead to the formation of increasingly complex carbon-containing substances

ex: monomers to macromolecules

Question 13

How did life begin?

Answer 13

Life began the moment molecules of information began to reproduce and evolve by natural selection.

Question 14

what are the Four things are necessary for life to begin

Answer 14

1. A living thing must work to avoid decay and disorder.
2. To do that, a living thing must have or create a closed system (a cell)
3. They have some molecule that can carry information.
4. This information must evolve by natural selection.

Question 15

which macromolecule did biologists for many years believe was the basis of life. Why

Answer 15

protein

because it does work and carry information

Question 16

question page 16

Question 17

quesiton on page 38