Week 11 - Physical activity and Health p2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major risk factor categories for chronic diseases?

A

Genetic/Inherited
- Age
- Gender
- Race

Environmental
- Physical factors: air, water
- Socioeconomic factors: income, housing, employment, education
- Family: divorce, death of loved one, children leaving

Behavioural
- Smoking
- Poor dietary habits (nutrition, alcohol)
- Physical inactivity

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2
Q

In the US, what two factors account for almost half of the recorded deaths?

A

heart disease (23%) and cancer (22%)

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3
Q

Coronary heart disease is associated with Atherosclerosis. Describe it and identify what it is the leading pathological contributor to?

A
  • chronic inflammation results in the thickening of the inner lining of arteries (due to plaque build up)
  • Leading pathological contributor to heart attack and stroke death
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4
Q

Identify the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), referencing with factors can be changed.

A

Age, Family history - can’t be changed

Cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, hypertension - can be changed

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5
Q

How is hypertension characterized?

A
  • Systolic bp >130mmHg or diastolic bp >80mmHg
  • Major independent risk factor for CHD
  • Progressive condition
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6
Q

What is the most common lifestyle approach to counter hypertension?

A

Physical activity - it can lower resting SBP by an average of 3-10mmHg and DBP by 2-6mmHg

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7
Q

Post-exercise hypotension:
a) What is post-exercise hypotension caused by?
b) How may physicians minimize symptoms associated with post-exercise hypotension
c) What does it stimulate?

A

a) an extenuation of exercise-induced vasodilation
b) combination of exercise and lower dose hypertensive medications
c) stimulates the expansion of plasma volume

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8
Q

What is the clinical relevance of a potential 2mmHg reduction in SBP due to exercise?

A

its associated with reduction of 10% and 7% in the risks of stroke and coronary heart disease

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9
Q

What does terms such as obesity and overweight refer to?
- What % of adults in England and the US are classified as overweight or obese?

A

excess of body fat and an increased weight-for-height
- England = 63% / US = 66%

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10
Q

What diseases does obesity increase the risk of?

A
  • CHD
  • Stroke
  • Hypertension
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Cancer
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11
Q

What two factors that be combined to promote weight loss?

A

exercise (activities such as fast walking, jogging, swimming for 150-300mins a week) + a balanced calorie-controlled diet

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12
Q

How does obesity promote inflammation and accelerate the disease process (e.g. atherosclerosis)?

A

Visceral fat secretes more inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-a
- They interfere with action of insulin causing insulin resistance
- Leads to type 2 diabetes, CVD + metabolic syndrome

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13
Q

Why is inflammation the “cornerstone” for many chronic diseases?

A

In atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation promotes pathological remodeling of the blood vessel walls, resulting in a plaque that occludes blood flow - this can eventually rupture, resulting in vascular events including heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular events

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14
Q

How do statin drugs impact chronic inflammation?

A
  • It lowers Low-density lipoprotein content and CRP
  • It can reduce the risk of CV disease and death
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15
Q

How does a mediterranean diet impact chronic inflammation?

A

fruits, veg, legumes, whole grains, olive oil… result in reductions in CRP and IL-6

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16
Q

How does PA impact chronic inflammation?

A
  • Lower levels of inflammation
  • The IL-6 produced has an anti-inflammatory effect increasing cytokines such as adiponectin
17
Q

What does “Metabolic syndrome” refer to?

A
  • Medical term for a combination of diabetes, high bp (hypertension) and obesity
  • It’s a cluster of risk factors that promote the development of CHD, stroke and other conditions that affect blood vessels
  • 1 in 3 older adults aged 50+ in UK
18
Q

What risk factors make up the metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Abdominal obesity
  • Hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride levels in the blood of >1.7mmol/L)
  • Low HDL cholesterol
  • High blood pressure (140/90mmHg or higher)
  • Inability to control blood sugar levels (insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose >5.6mmol/L)
19
Q

What are the two major causes of metabolic syndrome?

A

1) Low grace chronic inflammation: increases levels of TNF-a, IL-6, CRP causing insulin resistance + leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes

2) Increased oxidative stress: increased production of free radicals cause cellular damage and inflammation

20
Q

What are the 3 factors that are used to prevent/treat metabolic syndrome?

A

1) Regular PA: moderate intensity exercise daily for min of 30mins but preferably 60mins
2) Healthy diet
3) Weight reduction