Week 11 - Physical activity and Health p2 Flashcards
What are the 3 major risk factor categories for chronic diseases?
Genetic/Inherited
- Age
- Gender
- Race
Environmental
- Physical factors: air, water
- Socioeconomic factors: income, housing, employment, education
- Family: divorce, death of loved one, children leaving
Behavioural
- Smoking
- Poor dietary habits (nutrition, alcohol)
- Physical inactivity
In the US, what two factors account for almost half of the recorded deaths?
heart disease (23%) and cancer (22%)
Coronary heart disease is associated with Atherosclerosis. Describe it and identify what it is the leading pathological contributor to?
- chronic inflammation results in the thickening of the inner lining of arteries (due to plaque build up)
- Leading pathological contributor to heart attack and stroke death
Identify the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), referencing with factors can be changed.
Age, Family history - can’t be changed
Cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, hypertension - can be changed
How is hypertension characterized?
- Systolic bp >130mmHg or diastolic bp >80mmHg
- Major independent risk factor for CHD
- Progressive condition
What is the most common lifestyle approach to counter hypertension?
Physical activity - it can lower resting SBP by an average of 3-10mmHg and DBP by 2-6mmHg
Post-exercise hypotension:
a) What is post-exercise hypotension caused by?
b) How may physicians minimize symptoms associated with post-exercise hypotension
c) What does it stimulate?
a) an extenuation of exercise-induced vasodilation
b) combination of exercise and lower dose hypertensive medications
c) stimulates the expansion of plasma volume
What is the clinical relevance of a potential 2mmHg reduction in SBP due to exercise?
its associated with reduction of 10% and 7% in the risks of stroke and coronary heart disease
What does terms such as obesity and overweight refer to?
- What % of adults in England and the US are classified as overweight or obese?
excess of body fat and an increased weight-for-height
- England = 63% / US = 66%
What diseases does obesity increase the risk of?
- CHD
- Stroke
- Hypertension
- Type 2 diabetes
- Cancer
What two factors that be combined to promote weight loss?
exercise (activities such as fast walking, jogging, swimming for 150-300mins a week) + a balanced calorie-controlled diet
How does obesity promote inflammation and accelerate the disease process (e.g. atherosclerosis)?
Visceral fat secretes more inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-a
- They interfere with action of insulin causing insulin resistance
- Leads to type 2 diabetes, CVD + metabolic syndrome
Why is inflammation the “cornerstone” for many chronic diseases?
In atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation promotes pathological remodeling of the blood vessel walls, resulting in a plaque that occludes blood flow - this can eventually rupture, resulting in vascular events including heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular events
How do statin drugs impact chronic inflammation?
- It lowers Low-density lipoprotein content and CRP
- It can reduce the risk of CV disease and death
How does a mediterranean diet impact chronic inflammation?
fruits, veg, legumes, whole grains, olive oil… result in reductions in CRP and IL-6
How does PA impact chronic inflammation?
- Lower levels of inflammation
- The IL-6 produced has an anti-inflammatory effect increasing cytokines such as adiponectin
What does “Metabolic syndrome” refer to?
- Medical term for a combination of diabetes, high bp (hypertension) and obesity
- It’s a cluster of risk factors that promote the development of CHD, stroke and other conditions that affect blood vessels
- 1 in 3 older adults aged 50+ in UK
What risk factors make up the metabolic syndrome?
- Abdominal obesity
- Hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride levels in the blood of >1.7mmol/L)
- Low HDL cholesterol
- High blood pressure (140/90mmHg or higher)
- Inability to control blood sugar levels (insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose >5.6mmol/L)
What are the two major causes of metabolic syndrome?
1) Low grace chronic inflammation: increases levels of TNF-a, IL-6, CRP causing insulin resistance + leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes
2) Increased oxidative stress: increased production of free radicals cause cellular damage and inflammation
What are the 3 factors that are used to prevent/treat metabolic syndrome?
1) Regular PA: moderate intensity exercise daily for min of 30mins but preferably 60mins
2) Healthy diet
3) Weight reduction
