Week 10 - Not in the exam Flashcards

1
Q

What considerations must be taken into account for female athletes to maintain active training during pregnancy?

A

Monitor body temperature to prevent hyperthermia.
* Limit body temperature increase ≤1.5 °C.
* Aquatic exercise is recommended.

Maintain adequate hydration.
* Consume fluids at regular intervals (every 15 minutes).
* Monitor fluid balance by measuring body weight.

Reduce training intensity and volume as pregnancy advances.
* Regular examinations by physician to

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2
Q

Is the risk of sudden cardiac death in healthy young athletes high or low?

A

Low - 1 to 3 deaths per 100,000 athletes

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3
Q

What is a long-standing area of medical concern for children participating in sport?

A

That mechanical injury will cause damage to articular cartilage, growth plates, and muscle-tendons.
e.g. premature closure of growth plate

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4
Q

How can aerobic training be beneficial for asthmatics?

A

decrease airway inflammation and improve asthmatic symptoms

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5
Q

Why is scuba diving dangerous for asthmatics?

A

asthma attack while diving can cause lung damage

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6
Q

When is it NOT safe for people with asthma to participate in sport?

A

if their exercise-induced bronchospasm is NOT controlled

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7
Q

What is epilepsy characterized by?

A

Seizures - transient loss of consciousness, muscle tremor and sensory disturbances

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8
Q

Describe what “neurogenic bladder” is.

A

It’s a predisposition to urinary tract infections (UTI) due to incomplete voiding, elevated intravesical pressures and/or catheter use. UTIs are frequent and can cause pain, fever, increase muscle spasticity and autonomic dysreflexia.

At London 2012 Paralympic Games, illness affecting the genitourinary system occurred in 8.5% of athletes.

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9
Q

Describe what “neurogenic bowel” is.

A

 Regular and time-consuming bowel programme
 Fear of bowel accidents
 Difficulty with bowel evacuation might have a negative impact on an athlete’s preparation for competition

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10
Q

If we get an injury between:
a) C1-C8
b) T1-T5
… what are the consequences?

A

a) complete loss of SNS cardiac control
b) partial loss of SNS cardiac control

T1-T5 = control HR and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in upper body

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11
Q

What is the effect of autonomic dysfunction/neurological injury on sympathetic control of the heart and blood vessels? How does this influence performance/exercise?

A

Diminished supra-spinal sympathetic control to the heart and blood vessels:

 ‘Cardiovascular blunting’; HR peak
<130 b.min-1
 ↓ circulating catecholamines
 ↓ cardiac contractility
 Low BP
 Orthostatic and post-exercise
hypotension
 Impaired blood flow redistribution
 Reduced capacity of the venous
muscle pump
 Restricted stroke volume

Premature fatigue and low aerobic capacity due to maximal cardiac output being reduced and oxygen transport to peripheral tissues being reduced.

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12
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia? Who does it typically occur in? What are some symptoms?

A
  • Overreaction of your autonomic NS to painful sensory input, this leads to large increase in BP.
  • Typically occurs in athletes with injury above T6.
  • Symptoms: pounding headache, blurred vision, facial flushing, nasal congestion/stuffiness.
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13
Q

How do you stop autonomic dysreflexia?

A

remove the stimulus that triggers autonomic dysreflexia - excitation of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons and the vasoconstriction of blood vessels in lower extremities and trunk (= high BP)

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14
Q

What does the term boosting refer to?

A

intentionally inducing autonomic dysreflexia (triggering it - self-harm) to improve performance (7-10%)

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15
Q

What is the performance benefit of an increased BP (autonomic dysreflexia)?

A
  • Increased V02peak
  • Increased HR
  • Increased SV
  • Lower RER (fat metabolism)
  • Increased power output
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16
Q

How may thermoregulation impairment affect athletes with spinal cord injuries?

A
  • Reduce or loss of sweating response
  • Reduced blood flow control

Therefore, core body temperature rises during exercise which causes an overheating risk and potential performance decrements.

17
Q

What are other considerations for para-athletes with spinal cord injuries?

A

Osteoporosis below the neurological level of injury, ultimately leading to an increased risk of fractures.

Skin breakdown and pressure sores are significant problems for athletes with sensory loss.

18
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Disorders of speech, hearing and vision.

19
Q

Individuals with cerebral palsy have an increased muscle tone. How does this influence their performance?

A
  • Decreased joint range of motion.
  • Altering patterns of normal joint alignment.
  • Predispose athletes to overuse injuries.
20
Q

Describe amputees.

A

the residual limb and prosthetic device form an interface with unique biomechanical loads