Week 10 - Not in the exam Flashcards
What considerations must be taken into account for female athletes to maintain active training during pregnancy?
Monitor body temperature to prevent hyperthermia.
* Limit body temperature increase ≤1.5 °C.
* Aquatic exercise is recommended.
Maintain adequate hydration.
* Consume fluids at regular intervals (every 15 minutes).
* Monitor fluid balance by measuring body weight.
Reduce training intensity and volume as pregnancy advances.
* Regular examinations by physician to
Is the risk of sudden cardiac death in healthy young athletes high or low?
Low - 1 to 3 deaths per 100,000 athletes
What is a long-standing area of medical concern for children participating in sport?
That mechanical injury will cause damage to articular cartilage, growth plates, and muscle-tendons.
e.g. premature closure of growth plate
How can aerobic training be beneficial for asthmatics?
decrease airway inflammation and improve asthmatic symptoms
Why is scuba diving dangerous for asthmatics?
asthma attack while diving can cause lung damage
When is it NOT safe for people with asthma to participate in sport?
if their exercise-induced bronchospasm is NOT controlled
What is epilepsy characterized by?
Seizures - transient loss of consciousness, muscle tremor and sensory disturbances
Describe what “neurogenic bladder” is.
It’s a predisposition to urinary tract infections (UTI) due to incomplete voiding, elevated intravesical pressures and/or catheter use. UTIs are frequent and can cause pain, fever, increase muscle spasticity and autonomic dysreflexia.
At London 2012 Paralympic Games, illness affecting the genitourinary system occurred in 8.5% of athletes.
Describe what “neurogenic bowel” is.
Regular and time-consuming bowel programme
Fear of bowel accidents
Difficulty with bowel evacuation might have a negative impact on an athlete’s preparation for competition
If we get an injury between:
a) C1-C8
b) T1-T5
… what are the consequences?
a) complete loss of SNS cardiac control
b) partial loss of SNS cardiac control
T1-T5 = control HR and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in upper body
What is the effect of autonomic dysfunction/neurological injury on sympathetic control of the heart and blood vessels? How does this influence performance/exercise?
Diminished supra-spinal sympathetic control to the heart and blood vessels:
‘Cardiovascular blunting’; HR peak
<130 b.min-1
↓ circulating catecholamines
↓ cardiac contractility
Low BP
Orthostatic and post-exercise
hypotension
Impaired blood flow redistribution
Reduced capacity of the venous
muscle pump
Restricted stroke volume
Premature fatigue and low aerobic capacity due to maximal cardiac output being reduced and oxygen transport to peripheral tissues being reduced.
What is autonomic dysreflexia? Who does it typically occur in? What are some symptoms?
- Overreaction of your autonomic NS to painful sensory input, this leads to large increase in BP.
- Typically occurs in athletes with injury above T6.
- Symptoms: pounding headache, blurred vision, facial flushing, nasal congestion/stuffiness.
How do you stop autonomic dysreflexia?
remove the stimulus that triggers autonomic dysreflexia - excitation of sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons and the vasoconstriction of blood vessels in lower extremities and trunk (= high BP)
What does the term boosting refer to?
intentionally inducing autonomic dysreflexia (triggering it - self-harm) to improve performance (7-10%)
What is the performance benefit of an increased BP (autonomic dysreflexia)?
- Increased V02peak
- Increased HR
- Increased SV
- Lower RER (fat metabolism)
- Increased power output
How may thermoregulation impairment affect athletes with spinal cord injuries?
- Reduce or loss of sweating response
- Reduced blood flow control
Therefore, core body temperature rises during exercise which causes an overheating risk and potential performance decrements.
What are other considerations for para-athletes with spinal cord injuries?
Osteoporosis below the neurological level of injury, ultimately leading to an increased risk of fractures.
Skin breakdown and pressure sores are significant problems for athletes with sensory loss.
What is cerebral palsy?
Disorders of speech, hearing and vision.
Individuals with cerebral palsy have an increased muscle tone. How does this influence their performance?
- Decreased joint range of motion.
- Altering patterns of normal joint alignment.
- Predispose athletes to overuse injuries.
Describe amputees.
the residual limb and prosthetic device form an interface with unique biomechanical loads
