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BIOL 1202 > Week 11 (Gene structure and expression) > Flashcards

Week 11 (Gene structure and expression) Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma

A

DNA - replication
RNA - transcription
Proteins - translation

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2
Q

rRNA

A

site of polypeptide assembly

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3
Q

tRNA

A

transports and positions amino acids

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4
Q

mRNA

A

directs which amino acids are assembled into polypeptides

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5
Q

snRNA

A

is involved in splicing

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6
Q

transcription

A

-synthesize any type of RNA from a DNA template
-DNA strand provides template for complementary RNA strand

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7
Q

translation

A

-occurs at ribosomes
-mRNA is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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8
Q

genetic code

A

-unambiguous
-nearly universal
-redundant

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9
Q

ORF and what terminus

A

start (AUG) N terminus to stop codon C terminus

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10
Q

each amino acid in a protein is specified by ____

A

a codon

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11
Q

triplet code

A

64 codon combinations

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12
Q

start of transcription

A

when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (binding site on template strand of DNA)

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13
Q

how many of the 2 DNA template strands is transcribed

A

only 1

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14
Q

RNA polymerase

A

-adds ribonucleotides to the growing 3’ end of an RNA chain
-does NOT need a primer

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15
Q

which way does the template strand run

A

3’ to 5’

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16
Q

which way does complementary strand run

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

what signals the end of transcription

A

the terminator

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18
Q

how many RNA polymerase does eukaryotes have

A

3

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19
Q

how pre mRNA is modified

A

5’ cap - protects mRNA
3’ poly A tail - prevents hydrolysis

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20
Q

Introns

A

spliced out (non coding )

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21
Q

Exons

A

spliced together to be translated into amino acids

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22
Q

spliceosome and what is made up of

A

made from snRNPs and does splicing
(RNA and proteins)

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23
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that catalyze chemical reactions

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24
Q

RNA splicing

A

removing introns and keeping exons

25
Q

how many nucleotides are moved at at time in translation

A

3

26
Q

what begins translation

A

when portion of mRNA binds to a ribosome

27
Q

SSU

A

small ribosomal subunit
-acts first settles on 5’ end

28
Q

LSU

A

large ribosomal subunit
-settles down on top

29
Q

translation : initiation

A

-tRNA has a anticodon on its bottom
which base pairs with codons in mRNA
-Met binds to AUG on mRNA

30
Q

activating enzymes

A

aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase
-attaches the appropriate amino acid to its corresponding tRNA

31
Q

translation: elongation

A

-new amino acids enter with tRNA to the A site
-LSU transfers the polypeptide from the P site to the new amino acid
-moves 3 nucleotides over
-old tRNA leaves out of E site (exit)

32
Q

translation : termination

A

stop codons are recognized by release factors that release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome

33
Q

prokaryotic mRNA vs euk

A

pro- polycistronic
euk- monocistronic

34
Q

what is special about prokaryotic mRNA

A

they are often translated before transcription is complete

35
Q

what is a large scale mutation

A

long segments of DNA are affected

36
Q

what are point mutations

A

chemical change in just one base pair of a gene

37
Q

types of point mutations

A

silent - replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotides with another as long as it doesn’t change structure of function

missense - same as silent but changes structure or function of protein

nonsense- changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon

38
Q

framesshift mutations

A

-single insertions or deletions that affect open ready frame ORF
-groups of 3 do not cause a frame shift

39
Q

where do mutations affect

A

affect DNA replication and transcription

40
Q

what is an operon

A

cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter

41
Q

operator

A

dna sequence in which the represor protein may bind

42
Q

represor protein

A

protein that only binds to the operator inhibits transcription

43
Q

activator protein

A

protein that that binds near the promotor and enhances transcription

44
Q

inducer

A

molecule that inactivates a represor protein

45
Q

corepressor

A

actives the represor protein

46
Q

jacob and monod proposed what

A

operon model for bacterial gene expression

47
Q

inducible gene

A

normally turned OFF but can be turned ON
-> lac operon

48
Q

repressible gene

A

normally turned ON but can be turned OFF
->trp operon

49
Q

positive control

A

uses an activator protein

50
Q

negative control

A

uses a represor protein

51
Q

allolactose

A

inactivities the represor, removing it from the operator

52
Q

lac operon

A

-transcribed only when lactose is present

53
Q

when lactose is absent lac operon is ____

A

OFF

54
Q

when lactose is present lac operon is ____

A

ON

55
Q

when glucose is low cAMP levels are ______ and binds to ____

A

high binds to CAP protein

56
Q

when glucose is high cAMP levels are ______ and what doesn’t bind

A

low and CAP doesn’t bind

57
Q

when trp is present the trp operon is _____ the operator is _____

A

OFF and bound

58
Q

when the is little or no trp the operon is ______ and ______ and the operator is _____ bound

A

ON and transcribed and not bound

BIOL 1202 (9 decks)

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