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BIOL 1202 > Week 1 (foundations of bio) > Flashcards

Week 1 (foundations of bio) Flashcards

1
Q

element

A

pure substance composed of only one type of atom

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2
Q

matter

A

any substances in the universe that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element that posses a different number of neutrons

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4
Q

compound

A

a substance that contains two or more elements

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5
Q

molecule

A

a group of atoms held together in a particular order through covalent bonds

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6
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds between atoms that gain or lose valence electrons completely

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7
Q

covalent bonds

A

two or more atoms share valance electrons

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8
Q

non polar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons for a complete valence shell

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9
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

-sharing of electrons is NOT equal -leads to hydrogen bonding
-molecules with polar covalent bonds are hydrophilic (water loving)

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10
Q

water cohesion

A

attraction to other water molecules
(responsible to surface tension)

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11
Q

water adhesion

A

-attraction to other substances
(water is adhesive to any substances with which it can form hydrogen bonds )

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12
Q

what does water cling to ?

A

polar molecules

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13
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak attractive forces between hydrogen atoms made partially positive by unequal sharing of electrons

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14
Q

hydrocarbons

A

consist of carbon and hydrogen
-covalent bonds
-not very soluble in water (non polar covalent bonds )

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15
Q

functional groups(6)

A

-all water loving
Carbonyl - C=O
Hydroxyl - OH
Carboxyl - COOH
Sulfidryl - SH
Phosphate - PO
Amino - NH2

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16
Q

macromolecules

A

long molecule built by linking together small, similar subunits

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17
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

removes OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule (removes water)

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18
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H (adds water)

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19
Q

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

A

molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
often form rings

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20
Q

diasaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent (glycosidic) bond

21
Q

polysaccharides

A

made up of multiple monosaccharides

22
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

alpha glycosidic bond
-OH pointing down

starch- (plants)
glycogen- (animals)

23
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

beta glycosidic bond
-OH pointing up

-cellulose (plants
-chitin (insects)

24
Q

3 types of lipids

A

1) Fats
2) Phospholipids
3) Steroids

25
Q

lipids

A

molecules insoluble in water

26
Q

what are fats

A

-consist of a glycerol molecule with 3 attached fatty acids
-built by dehydration synthesis

27
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

in animals
straight link (single covalent bonds/ solids)

28
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

in plants
double bonds (kinked link/ liquid)

29
Q

phospholipids

A

form core of membranes
composed of
-2 fatty acids (hydrophobic)
-glycerol
-phosphate group (hydrophilic)

30
Q

amphipathic

A

molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

31
Q

steroids

A

-maintains integrity of membranes and membrane fluidity
-act as hormones

32
Q

polypeptides

A

amino acids
proteins

33
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA
nucleotides

34
Q

amino acids

A

contain an amino group/ carboxyl group and a hydrogen all bonded to a carbon

35
Q

peptide bond

A

links 2 amino acids

36
Q

polypeptide

A

when the carboxyl group of a molecule reacts with amino acid group of another molecule releasing water

37
Q

primary level of structure

A

linear amino acid sequence
forms foundation of protein shape

38
Q

secondary level of structure

A
  • alpha helix
  • beta sheet
    -hydrogen bonding
39
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape of a single polypeptide molecule

40
Q

quaternary structure

A

assembly of several polypeptides
(protein)

41
Q

chaperones

A

special proteins that help new proteins fold correctly

42
Q

denaturation

A

the unfolding of a protein from its active shape
- results in loss of function

43
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

-encodes info used to assemble -
proteins (no oxygen attached )
-double stranded

44
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

-reads DNA-encoded info to direct protein synthesis (has oxygen attached)
-single stranded

45
Q

nucleic acid structure

A

composed of long polymers, nucleotides

-5 carbon sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogenous base

46
Q

nitrogenous bases and their pairs

A

purines (A &G)
-two rings
-adenine and guanine

pyrimidines (C,T&U)
-one ring
-cytosine, thymine and uracil

pairs
-A/T ( U instead of thymine)
-G/C

47
Q

which way do strands run

A

5’ to 3’
2 DNA molecules run in opposite directions

48
Q

central dogma

A

DNA-> RNA-> Protein

BIOL 1202 (9 decks)

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