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Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

can’t have a consumer society under communism or socialism, because consumer doesn’t have a choice in products

A

Consumer society: Capitalism

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2
Q

Socialism and communism: command-based economies.

A

Consumer society: Capitalism

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3
Q

State decides resources, manufacturing, distribution

Capitalism yields a surplus of goods; surplus has to be managed through advertising to stimulate consumption.

A

Consumer society: Capitalism

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4
Q

Advertising exists in two forms: Appealing to your desires or your fears

A

Consumer society: Capitalism

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5
Q

Consumerism needs many people living in cities

A

Consumer society: Urbanism

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6
Q

In an urban society, there is a concentration of commercial spaces (downtown, shopping district etc) creates competition and stimulates consumption. Attracts people to shop

A

Consumer society: Urbanism

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7
Q

In the city, people are removed from the context of where their resources and manufacturing takes place

A

Consumer society: Urbanism

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8
Q

Refers to the idea that people move around a lot in capitalist society; they move where the jobs and opportunities are.

A

Consumer society: Mobility

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9
Q

Consumption becomes a symbol of one’s social status, but it also used in a society of strangers to indicate what social group you belong to

A

Consumer society: Mobility

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10
Q

Less tied to traditional expectations of what or who you should be

A

Consumer society: Mobility

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11
Q

There is an opportunity to make new identities, ones that aren’t tied to a social structure

A

Consumer society: Mobility

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12
Q

Also refers to people being socially mobile; using your consumption to change your status

A

Consumer society: Mobility

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13
Q

First challenge for advertising industry was to convince people to spend money on things, not convince longevity; promote self-gratification

A

Consumer society: Shift in value

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14
Q

Prior to consumer culture, people felt guilty about consuming

A

Consumer society: Shift in value

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15
Q

Everything exists on a transactional basis; all human relationships can be thought of as transactions; everything can be turned into a commodity

A

Consumer society: Shift in value

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16
Q

Prior to the industrial revolution, fashion was limited to an exclusive few at the top

A

Changes in production

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17
Q

Mass production makes it possible for everyone to consume; lowers the price, makes it possible for huge diversity of products, standard of living rises, makes possible for techniques that make normally expensive and exclusive items widely known/available

A

Changes in production

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18
Q

Shopping is transformed from a chore done by servants to enjoyable activity

A

Shopping as a social and leisure activity

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19
Q

Seeing is one source of information for the consumer

A

Shopping as a social and leisure activity

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20
Q

Department stores make it possible to see and be seen; ex anyone can visit chanel at department store vs chanel boutique

A

Shopping as a social and leisure activity

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21
Q

Advertising didn’t become a business until the 20th C

A

Rise of Advertising

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22
Q

Need for advertising is to manage the surplus of goods

A

Rise of Advertising

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23
Q

social implications:
Advertising as a form of social control
Tells us what is proper appearance, what the social standard is: dress, posture, behaviour
Advertising reproduces a consumer society

A

Rise of Advertising

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24
Q

Idea that people are disembedded from time and space; our experience of modernity is characterized by a series of dislocations and discontinuities that have removed us from any particular place aka hyper modernity

A

Disembeddedness Anthony Giddens 1990, 1991

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25
Q

No matter where you are, the experience is identical

A

Disembeddedness Anthony Giddens 1990, 1991

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26
Q

Disembedded by transnational corporations with uniform products and stores; consistency in appearance of stores, how food tastes etc

A

Disembeddedness Anthony Giddens 1990, 1991

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27
Q

Homogenized culture instead of ethnic, regional, and local cultures

A

Disembeddedness Anthony Giddens 1990, 1991

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28
Q

Social life consists of process in which remote interaction has become the primary feature of contemporary life

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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29
Q

Social systems that were previously unique have become connected and interdependent

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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30
Q

Spend more time with online entities/people that have no time or space rather than IRL beings

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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31
Q

Geographical and time zone distances are irrelevant

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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32
Q

New way of living not available to those before 21C; free form material constraints

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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33
Q

Impact on fashion industry: most interactions/consumption is online

A

Time-space compression David Harvey 1989

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34
Q

Goods are signs that are empty of any authentic meaning and consumption results in a loss of identity.

A

Passive consumption

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35
Q

The consumer is manipulated, controlled, a follower, homogenized

A

Passive consumption

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36
Q

Reductive theory; draws attention away from the source of the problem

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

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37
Q

Doesn’t take into account difference in viewers and environmental influence on message’s affect

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

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38
Q

Assumes people have no free will or moral compass

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

39
Q

theory developed during 1930s: when cinema, first instance of mass media, was introduced

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

40
Q

media has a short term effect but all audience members react in the same way, everyone passively receives messages, audience is manipulated

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

41
Q

1960s: subliminal advertising, thought media was affecting people’s ethics

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

42
Q

Backmasking: music groups had subliminal messages in the backtrack (if you played it backwards messages would be audible)

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

43
Q

Crimes are explained by popular culture. Ex school shooters wore black trench coats, media decided students were emulating Matrix characters (copycat crimes)

A

Hypodermic syringe model (passive consumption)

44
Q

Media= build up of ideological representations. Not just one message but many

A

Cultivation Theory (passive consumption) Gerbner and Gross 1976

45
Q

Ideologies are reinforced by advertising and other media

A

Cultivation Theory (passive consumption) Gerbner and Gross 1976

46
Q

Gives us a specific idea of who is beautiful, who is fashionable

A

Cultivation Theory (passive consumption) Gerbner and Gross 1976

47
Q

Today, women condemn narrow ideologies of beauty, but we are participating/supporting it, we are the target group

A

Cultivation Theory (passive consumption) Gerbner and Gross 1976

48
Q

Illusion of freedom of choice; everything actually comes from transnational corporation

A

Cultivation Theory (passive consumption) Gerbner and Gross 1976

49
Q

Idea that we are products of the commodities that we purchase

A

Commodity Self (passive consumption) Ewen 1976

50
Q

Our self is not influenced by media but constituted by the media messages

A

Commodity Self (passive consumption) Ewen 1976

51
Q

goods are communication instruments, empower the individual.

A

Active consumption

52
Q

act of consumption= communicates own meanings, consumer is engaged, thoughtful, in control, enhances individuality

A

Active consumption

53
Q 
Information from media moves in 2 stages:
opinion leaders (influencers) who filter mass media messages pass on their interpretations of the content.
A

Two-step flow theory (Active consumption) Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1944

54
Q

We aren’t directly affected by media but the interpretation of who we admire.

A

Two-step flow theory (Active consumption) Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1944

55
Q

People choose their filters that control, how much, and what manner of affect media has on their lives

A

Two-step flow theory (Active consumption) Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1944

56
Q

part of a larger system of situated culture

A

Two-step flow theory (Active consumption) Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1944

57
Q

Brands are always trying to line up a group of influencers that can promote

A

Two-step flow theory (Active consumption) Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1944

58
Q

Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented; media is selected and chosen, because it aligns with users’ purposes and roles

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

59
Q

Actively seek out media sources that best meet their needs

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

60
Q

PIES: Personal identity (people use media as a form of personal expression to say something about their personality and beliefs).

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

61
Q

PIES: Information (people use media as a source of information to understand what’s happening in the world)

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

62
Q

PIES: Entertainment (people use media for fun, escape)

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

63
Q

PIES: Social integration (people use media as a form of belonging)

A

Uses and gratifications theory (Active consumption) Blumer and Katz 1974

64
Q

Key player is audience; how the message is decoded and interpreted is up to the individual

A

Reception Theory (active consumption)

65
Q

Messages can be:
Accepted
Negotiated
Rejected

A

Reception Theory (active consumption)

66
Q

Media has no power, its the individual who has power

A

Reception Theory (active consumption)

67
Q

In a consumer society, possessions are central to sense of self; they make our present, past and future concrete.

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

68
Q

Sense of self exists in these objects.

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

69
Q

Goes beyond materialism; possessions provide a focus for attachment.

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

70
Q

Individual Level (personal possessions)

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

71
Q

Family Level (things in your home, the home itself, things that will be inherited)

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

72
Q

Community Level (feel ownership for things such as yard, sidewalk, conditions of safety in neighborhood)

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

73
Q

Group Level (social groups that you belong to such as a church, school, program that exist as a physical space)

A

Extended Self (Active consumption) Rusell W Belk, 1988

74
Q

Western thought naturalizes these categories as polar opposites:
Things are commodities/People are individuals
People are commodities/Thing have “lives” and biographies

A

Commodity fetishism (Marx 1867)

75
Q

Capitalism does the opposite to objects than what people do; people give meaning to objects, capitalism gives it monetary value

A

Commodity fetishism (Marx 1867)

76
Q

A copy for which there is no original
Ex Ralph Lauren’s RRL holiday catalog for 2014; digital image of ‘catalogue’ which does not exist; new clothing rendered and styled to appear old

A

Simulacrum (Baudrillard 1966)

77
Q

Rise of the simulacrum a symptom of the crisis of the real that exists in contemporary society

A

Simulacrum (Baudrillard 1966)

78
Q

We live in a society where this is more and more information and less meaning

A

Simulacrum (Baudrillard 1966)

79
Q

First environmental movement looked at conservation (preservation of wilderness). In the 1960s, environmentalism became relevant again (Rachel Carson).

A

Environmentalism

80
Q

looks at the environment as a social problem.

A

Environmental sociology

81
Q

Anthropocentric (our relationship to the environment is one of dominance)

A

Environmental sociology

82
Q

Sustainability (human needs can be met by means of balance)

A

Environmental sociology

83
Q

eco-centric (radical position where the environment has a spiritual value and we have a duty to protect it; we are not above or equal to environment, we are part of it)

A

Environmental sociology

84
Q

Progress in this paradigm is unlimited, problems are solvable through technology, the market is self-correcting, no need to curve consumption or to change our lifestyle

A

Human Exceptionalism Paradigm (HEP)

85
Q

Works with modernization theory

A

Human Exceptionalism Paradigm (HEP)

86
Q

Changes nature affect human culture and relationships

A

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Riley Dunlap and William R Catton 1978

87
Q

We are dependent on our environment

A

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Riley Dunlap and William R Catton 1978

88
Q

We can reach a point of no return

A

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Riley Dunlap and William R Catton 1978

89
Q

Humans are part of the ecological system; capitalism is at odds with nature

A

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Riley Dunlap and William R Catton 1978

90
Q

Strategies to mitigate capitalism: triple bottom line or 3 P’s: people, planet, and profit

A

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Riley Dunlap and William R Catton 1978

91
Q

ex H&M’s “close the loop” program

92
Q

Appeal to consumers that are concerned about ethical production and issues of sustainability

A

Ethical production and LOHAS

93
Q

Emphasis on corporate responsibility

A

Ethical production and LOHAS

94
Q

Communicate process and initiatives to produce eco friendly products; virtue of sustainability

A

Ethical production and LOHAS

Fashion and Society (5 decks)

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