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Term 1 > Week 108: The Normal Child > Flashcards

Week 108: The Normal Child Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primitive reflexes?

A
  • Suck
  • Swallow
  • Grasp
  • Moro
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2
Q

What is the plantar reflex?

A

Reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument

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3
Q

What is the Babinski response in an infant?

A

The big toe moves upwards or towards the tops surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

If this happens in adults or children older than 2, it is a sign of brain or nervous system disorder

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4
Q

What is a term pregnancy?

A

40 weeks

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5
Q

What is a term pregnancy embryologically?

A

38 weeks

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6
Q

What is proliferation?

A

An increase in the number of cells

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7
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size

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8
Q

What is accretion?

A

Increase in the extracellular content

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9
Q

What does the ectoderm produce?

A
  • Hair
  • Retina
  • Outer layer of skin
  • Central nervous system
  • Outer lining of everything
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10
Q

What does the endoderm produce?

A
  • Lining of the gut
  • Secretory cells of the GI tract
  • Inside of the respiratory tract
  • Inner lining of everything
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11
Q

What does the mesoderm produce?

A
  • Muscle
  • Bone
  • Organs (kidneys, reproductive, some of lungs, GI tract)
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12
Q

What is vernix?

A

The things covering a baby when it is first born

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13
Q

What is meconium?

A

The first poo

  • Greenish brown colour
  • Bad smelling
  • Secretory things in digestive tract - bile salts
  • System started operating but nothing to digest
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14
Q

What is the normal heart rate of a newborn?

A

110-150

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15
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate of a newborn?

A

40-60

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16
Q

What is a normal blood pressure for a newborn?

A

65/40

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17
Q

What is a normal weight for a newborn?

A

3.5kg or in the range of 2.7kg - 4.6kg

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18
Q

What is the ductus venous?

A

Allows half of blood straight into the inferior vena cava rather than going to the liver first

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19
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Becomes the fossa oval in adults

  • Hole between two atria
  • Normal in babies
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20
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Pulmonary artery goes to the aorta - reduced blood flow to lungs compared to adults

  • In adult it is the ligamentum arteriosum
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21
Q

How does temperature maintenance work in young children?

A
  • Difficult as large surface area to weight ratio
  • Unable to sweat or shiver
  • Abundant brown fat deposits to produce heat to compensate
  • Cutaneous blood flow very sensitive to temperature change to keep cool
  • Heart murmurs quite common in newborns though tend to go quite quickly
  • Abnormal breathing: grunting, nasal flaring, chest recession, tachypnoea, bradypnoea
22
Q

How does nutrition work in the first few days of life?

A
  • Large glycogen store in the liver
  • Can use ketone bodies from fat breakdown
  • Overly hydrated at birth
  • Colostrum in initial breast milk (low volume, high energy, rich in protein, rich in immune cells)
23
Q

How much milk per day is normal?

A

150ml/kg/day

24
Q

Why is jaundice common in the first week?

A

Liver has not developed sufficiently

  • 10% require phototherapy
  • Premature child has high likelihood of jaundice and is more likely to need treatment
25
Q

What is physiological anaemia?

A

High oxygen saturation at birth

  • EPO undetectable
  • Anaemia at 5-8 weeks of life
  • EPO begins again
26
Q

How much birthweight is lost in the first week and why?

A

10 %

  • Birthweight is mainly water
27
Q

What is erythema toxicum?

A

Rash of term infants: migratory rash, starts at foot then goes to ankle after leaving foot

Normal condition in first few years

28
Q

What is milia?

A

White dots round the face

Normal condition in first few years

29
Q

What is molluscum contagiosum?

A

Common condition where small, warty bumps appear on the skin

Normal condition in first few years

30
Q

Which hormones are used pre-pubertely?

A

Growth hormone

Thyroid hormone

31
Q

Which hormones are used in pubescence?

A

Sex hormones

32
Q

What are key factors for growth in an infant?

A

Nutrition
Lifestyle
Happiness
Environment

33
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

6-8 years

Pubic hair growth

34
Q

What is gonadarche?

A

Development of gonads and breasts

35
Q

What causes epiphyseal plate fusion?

A

Oestrogen

  • Hence height difference between girls and boys
36
Q

What is an expected height?

A

Mid-parental height +/- 8.5cm

37
Q

What happened in Pavlov’s Dog experiment?

A

Conditioning

  • Drooling with food and bell
  • Rang bell on serving food then only had to ring the bell and the dog started salivating

⇒ Association between something and something else

38
Q

What happened in the Little Albert experiment?

A

Conditional emotional response

  • Fear of toy through scary noise
39
Q

What happened in the Milgrim Emotional Study?

A

Person in position of authority has lots of power

  • Participant was told to give someone an electric shock and was told to keep going even when the person sounded like they were about to die
40
Q

How does Huntington’s disease present?

A
  • Lack of emotions and lack of recognition of needs of others
  • Alternating periods of aggression, excitement, depression, apathy, antisocial behaviour, anger,
  • Memory, orientation, concentration difficulties
  • Depression
  • Uncontrollable movements of the face
    Jerking, flicking or fidgety movements in limbs
  • Generally diagnosed between 35-55
41
Q

How does cystic fibrosis present?

A
  • Thick sticky mucous in the body covers a number of organs
  • Persistent coughing and wheezing to try to shift the mucous
  • Recurring chest and lung infections
  • Large smelly stools (digestive enzymes are not produced)
  • Malnutrition
  • Sinusitis
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Meconium illus (stuck poo)
  • Life expectancy now to live into 40s
  • Generally diagnosed within first year
42
Q

How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy present?

A
  • Have difficulty walking, running, jumping
  • Have difficulty standing up
  • Learn to speak later than usual
  • Be unable to climb stairs without support
  • Have behavioural or learning difficulties
  • Usually only live until 30s due to respiratory and heart failure
  • Boys generally affected more than girls
  • Diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 3
43
Q

Why is folic acid given to expectant mothers?

A

To prevent neural tube defects

44
Q

What does autosomal recessive mean?

A

That you need two genes to have the disease, but only one to carry

45
Q

What does autosomal dominant mean?

A

That you need one gene to have the disease or carry it

46
Q

What does x-linked recessive mean?

A

That you need 1 gene in men to have or carry the disease

That you need 2 genes in women to have the disease, 1 gene to carry it

47
Q

What does x-linked dominant mean?

A

That you need 1 gene to have or carry the disease

48
Q

Give 7 examples of autosomal dominant disorders

A 
Acute Intermittent Porphyria 
Huntington's Disease
Marfan's Syndrome
Von Willebrand Disease
Long QT Syndrome
Hypercholesterolaemia 
Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease
49
Q

Give 6 examples of autosomal recessive disorders

A 
Cystic fibrosis
Phenylketonuria 
Sickle-Cell Disease
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Tay-Sachs Disease
Haemochromatosis
50
Q

Give 1 example of an x-linked dominant disorder

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

51
Q

Give 3 examples of x-linked recessive disorders

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Fragile X Syndrome
Haemophilia (A)

Term 1 (14 decks)

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