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Term 1 > Week 103: COPD > Flashcards

Week 103: COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air drawn into and out of the lungs during normal breathing

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2
Q

What is the resting tidal volume?

A

500ml

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3
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum tidal volume when an individual breathes in and out as far as possible

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4
Q

What is normal vital capacity?

A

5500ml

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5
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The difference in volume between a resting and maximum expiration

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6
Q

What is normal expiratory reserve volume?

A

1700ml

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7
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The difference in volume between a resting and maximum inspiration

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8
Q

What is normal inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3300ml

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9
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The volume in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

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10
Q

What is a normal total lung capacity?

A

7300ml

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11
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The total lung capacity after maximum expiration

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12
Q

What is the normal residual volume?

A

1800ml

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13
Q

What is the function residual capacity?

A

The volume of the lungs at the end of a normal breath, when the respiratory muscles are relaxed

  • Determined by the balance between outward elastic recoil of the chest wall and inward elastic recoil of the lungs
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14
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

-0.2 to -0.5kPa

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15
Q

What is the dead space?

A

Refers to the volume of the airways that does not take part in gas exchange

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16
Q

What is normal function residual capacity?

A

3500ml

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17
Q

What is FEV1?

A

As much as can be expired in 1 second

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18
Q

What is FVC?

A

Total volume that can be expired

19
Q

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in obstructive conditions?

A

Lower FEV1

Reduced FVC

20
Q

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in restrictive conditions?

A

Slightly affected FEV1

Reduced FVC

21
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

A productive morning cough for 3+ months/year for at least two consecutive years

22
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Reduced elastin, airways collapse on expiration

23
Q

What is normal blood pressure in the lungs?

A

25/8

24
Q

What is normal blood pressure in systemic circulation?

A

120/80 +/- 10/15

25
Q

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Low oxygen in alveoli

  • Leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction
26
Q

What causes the reverse effect of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Exercise

27
Q

What in the brain controls breathing rates?

A

Medulla

28
Q

What in the brain controls expiratory/inspiratory impulses?

A

Pons

29
Q

What detects O2?

A

Peripheral chemo receptors

30
Q

What detects CO2?

A

Central chemo receptors

31
Q

Which condition can central chemo receptors be lost in?

A

COPD

32
Q

What leads someone to be at risk of emphysema?

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

33
Q

What is the first line treatment of COPD?

A

Lifestyle changes

34
Q

What drugs are used for acute exacerbations of COPD?

A

Corticosteroids

35
Q

What do mucolytic therapies do?

A

Break up mucous and decrease need for antibiotics

36
Q

What is an example of a mucolytic drug?

A

Carbocysteine

37
Q

What are the main groups of drugs used in COPD treatment?

A

Beta 2 agonists and anti-muscarinics

38
Q

When inhalers are used, what improvement would you expect in a peak flow reading?

A

18% - not seen with COPD patients

39
Q

What are two examples of short acting beta 2 agonists?

A

Salbutamol

Terbutaline

40
Q

What are two examples of long acting beta 2 agonists?

A

Salmeterol

Formetarol

41
Q

What can long acting beta 2 agonists cause?

A

Tremours

Tachycardia caused by hypokalaemia

42
Q

What are two examples of anti-muscarinic drugs?

A

Tiatropium

Ipotropium

43
Q

What side effects do anti-muscarinic drugs give?

A

Atropine-like side effects:

  • Constipation
  • Dry mucous membranes

Term 1 (14 decks)

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