Week 10 - Training for Specific Populations Flashcards
How does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle impact thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is impaired
What is athletic amenorrhea
Cessation of menstruation due to modified release of hormones from hypothalamus
What % of female athletes develop athletic amenorrhea compared to general population
12 to 69% of female athletes versus 3% of general population
What are the causes of athletic amenorrhea
Amount of traijing (overtraining)
Increased psychological stress (catecholamines)
Low energy availability ( increased energy expenditure and/or restricted nutrient intake)
Whats dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation due to prostalglandins
May limit training due to discomfort
Whats anorexia nervosa
Extreme steps to reduce body weight
What are the techniques used for anoreixa nervosa
Starvation, excessive exercise, laxative use
What are the effects of anorexia nervosa
Excessive weight loss, Amenorrhea, Death
What is the treatment for anorexia nervosa
Psychological counseling, nutritional guidance
What is bullimia
Pattern of overeating (binging)
followed by patterns of vomiting (purging)
What are the effects of bullimia
Damage to teeth and esophagus due to vomiting of stomach acids
What is the treatment for bullimia
Requires professional support
What is osteoporosis
Loss of bone mineral content
What are the major causes of osteoporosis
Estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea
Inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders
How can training help with osteoporosis
While training has been shown to reduce the rate of bone loss, exercise cannot completely reverse the process
What is the Female Athlete Triad
A medical problem commonly observed in physically active young girls and women
What are some of the health consequences of the Female Athlete Triad
Amenorrhea
Osteoporosis
What is the cause of the Female Athlete Triad
Low energy intake. This leads to health problems due to lack of energy required for maintaining cellular homeostasis
Whats the difference in probability of knee injuries between men and women
Female athletes are at higher risk of certain knee injuries compared to men
3.5x higher risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
What are the possible reasons for the higher risk of knee injury in women then men
Fluctuation in hormones during menstrual cycle - may compromise ACL strength and proprioceptor feedback
Sex differences in knee anatomy - may be due to greater joint laxity in women
Dynamic neuromuscular imbalances - imbalanced strength, proprioception and landing biomechanics
How does having Type 1 diabetes effect vigorous training
People with Type 1 diabetes can train vigorously provided they are free from diabetic/medical complications (microvascualar complications or neurpathy)
And can obtain the same benefits as nondiabetics
How can a Type 1 Diabetic avoid hypoglycemia to ensure safe participation
Combination of exercise, diet, and insulin (through lightweight blood pumps) for optimal blood glucose control
Have a carbohydrate snack or drink available during exercise
How does exercise impact where the insulin injection site should be
Should be away from working muscle to prevent increased rate of uptake and hypoglycemia
What is sarcopenia
Age-related loss of muscle mass
What causes sarcopenia
Decrease muscle fiber size
Decreased number of fibers
What are some contributing factors to sarcopenia
Inactivity
Oxidative stress to muscle fibers
Inflammation
Decreased anabolic hormones such as testosterone
To what extent does muscle mass decline after age 50
1 to 2%
How does aging effect endurance performance
Endurance performance declines after age 60
How does vo2 max decline with age
Vo2 max declines approximately 1% per year after 40
However training can slow but not prevent this decline
What causes the age related decay in maximal oxygen extraction
Due to decreased capillary density and mitochondrial volume
What are the training guidelines for masters athletes
Be aware of overtraining symptoms
Training programme should be individualised
Medical clearance must be obtained
Avoid overuse injuries (implement rest days)
