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Psych of Close Relationships > Week 10: Stress, Conflict, & Violence > Flashcards

Week 10: Stress, Conflict, & Violence Flashcards

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1
Q

Based on the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model, what are the 3 factors that can contribute to r/s instability?

A

1) Enduring vulnerabilities
2) Adaptive processes
3) Stressful events

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2
Q

What are enduring vulnerabilities?

A

LT prevailing tendencies you bring into r/s

E.g. personality, attachment style, self-esteem (indiv factors)

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3
Q

What are adaptive processes?

A

Techniques you use to cope with stress

E.g. instrumental support, destructive communication

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4
Q

What are stressful events?

A

Stress from work/school, family stress, financial stress

Might reinforce existing enduring vulnerabilities and can also affect adaptive processes

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5
Q

What is the relationship “context”?

A

Begins where the dyad ends

  • Physical environment (e.g. natural disasters)
  • Social environment (e.g. neighbourhood)
  • Things that happen to each other outside of the relationship (e.g. economic recession)
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6
Q

How does stress affect relationships?

A

External stress forces couples to spend resources on coping, yet at the very same time, stress renders support processes ineffective

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7
Q

What is a stressor?

A

An aspect of the environment of a couple that makes demands on the partners

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8
Q

What are the types of stressors?

A

Chronic: Stable and enduring
Acute: Clear onset and endpoint

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9
Q

What are resources?

A

Source of support outside the couple

E.g. family, friends, therapist, community

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10
Q

What is stress spillover?

A

The experience of stress outside the r/s affects ONE’s experiences in the r/s

E.g. A’s work stress -> A’s r/s thoughts and behaviours

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11
Q

What is stress crossover?

A

The experience of stress outside the r/s affect one’s PARTNER’s experiences in the r/s

E.g. A’s work stress -> B’s r/s thoughts and behaviours

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12
Q

Based on the Two Route Model, how does external stress affect r/s?

A

Route 1: Creates additional r/s problems
Route 2: Hinders constructive responding to r/s problems

Lead to diminished r/s satisfaction and/or stability

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13
Q

What are the different effects of stress?

A

1) Concrete effects: Less resources, time, energy, money
2) Physiological effects: More arousal
3) Cognitive effects: Automatic evaluations, less empathy and perspective-taking
4) Behavioural effects: Diminishes performance

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14
Q

What are some concrete effects of stress?

A

Less resources, time, energy, money

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15
Q

What are some physiological effects of stress?

A

More arousal

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16
Q

What are some cognitive effects of stress?

A

Automatic evaluations, less empathy and perspective-taking

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17
Q

What are some behavioural effects of stress?

A

Diminishes performance

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18
Q

What are the factors that define conflict?

A

1) interdependent people
2) Scarce resources
3) Incompatible goals
4) Perceived interference
5) Negative affect reciprocity

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19
Q

What is negative affect reciprocity?

A

A pattern of conflict behaviour characterised by reciprocal and escalating provocation

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20
Q

How is social and physical pain similar?

A

Similar brain regions are activated during social pain

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21
Q

What are the results of the cyberball study?

A

Relative to P’s in the acceptance condition, P’s in the rejection condition exhibited activation of pain circuitry in the brain

22
Q

What is the nature of conflict?

A
  • Conflict is inescapable in close r/s for 2 reasons
    1) Two people don’t always agree
    2) Tension
  • Opposing motivations = Dialectics
23
Q

What are the factors that are linked to frequency of conflict?

A

1) Personality (neuroticism, agreeableness)
2) Attachment style (anxious)
3) Stage of life
4) Similarity
5) Alcohol

24
Q

What do you think are the differences in victim vs. perpetrator accounts of transgressions?

A

Internal vs. external attributions

25
Q

What are the characteristics of patterns observed in the prisoner’s dilemma?

A
  • Patterns change from chores to work; does not depend only on topic
  • Depends on patterns of DEPENDENCE, need fulfillment
26
Q

What is interdependence in the prisoner’s dilemma?

A
  • Conflict of interest (what is good for one partner is bad for the other)
  • Being unequal in how affected/involved one is
27
Q

What is the course of conflict?

A

Engagement and escalation

  • When an instigating event occurs, the partners may AVOID the issue and let it drop
  • If the issue is engaged and conflict begins, NEGOTIATION and rational problem-solving may follow
  • However, in other cases, ESCALATION occurs and the conflict heats up
28
Q

What are the types of responses to conflict?

A

Either active or passive and either constructive or destructive

Exit (Active-Destructive)
Voice (Active-Constructive)
Neglect (Passive-Destructive)
Loyalty (Passive-Constructive)

29
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The ability to remain constructive in the face of a lover’s temporary disregard

30
Q

What type of response is more advantageous during conflict?

A

R/s are at risk when both partners choose destructive responses to conflict

So accommodation is advantageous

31
Q

How does CLalt relate to power?

A

CLalt puts a lower limit on the outcomes one will tolerate in a relationship

Low CLalt -> Low power

32
Q

What happens if outcomes dip below CLalt?

A

One is likely to leave the r/s to pursue the alternative (the partner has low power)

33
Q

What is fate control?

A

One can autocratically determine what outcomes a partner receives, thereby controlling the other’s fate

34
Q

What is behaviour control?

A

Occurs when, by changing one’s own behavior, one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction, too

35
Q

What are the results of the goal conversation study?

A

Men (but not women) were more aggressive when low in both types of power (relationship power and situational power)
–> Engage in aggression to regain control

36
Q

What are the types of abuse?

A

Physical, verbal, psychological, emotional

37
Q

What are the norms towards physical vs. psychological aggression?

A

Ppl are more (vs. less) sensitive to physical vs. psychological abuse

Ppl judge physical abuse to be unacceptable but psychological abuse often is tolerated, even if it’s judged to be negative

38
Q

What is violence?

A

Violence involves acts carried out with the intention of physically hurting another person

39
Q

What is the I^3 theory?

A

This theory presents a structure by which aggression can be predicted: instigating forces, impelling forces, inhibiting forces

40
Q

What are instigating forces?

A

SITUATIONAL factors that INDUCE aggression

E.g. direct provocation, goal obstruction, rejection, conflict, betrayal

41
Q

What are impelling forces?

A

Factors that determine the STRENGTH of the aggression impulse

E.g. Narcissism, testosterone, jealousy, high temp., neuroticism

42
Q

What are inhibiting forces?

A

Factors that REDUCE tendencies to aggress

E.g. Self-control, beliefs that aggression leads to poor outcomes, being sober, thoughtful

43
Q

What are the factors of high intimate partner violence?

A

Strong instigation, strong impellance and weak inhibition

44
Q

What are the results of the voodoo doll study?

A

1) Effect of inhibition when both instigation and impellance are strong: Agg. is lower when high exec. control
2) Effect of impellance when instigation is strong and inhibition is weak: Agg is lower when low trait agg.
3) Effect of instigation when impellance is strong and inhibition is weak: Agg is lower when low provocation

45
Q

What are some reasons why people don’t leave abusive r/s?

A
  • Financial dependence
  • Strong family pressure to stay
  • Religious beliefs
  • Hanging on to a dream of a happy family life
  • Hoping the partner will change
  • Wanting to believe that the partner will change
  • Not wanting to be alone
46
Q

What are the psychological mechanisms that keep people stuck?

A
  • Non-voluntary dependence
  • Affective forecasting
  • Indivs. prefer the known and imperfect path over the unknown
  • Adopting more tolerant standards
  • Minimising or denying a partner’s abuse
  • Blaming oneself or things beyond partner’s control
47
Q

How does affective forecasting influence whether people stay/leave their r/s?

A

We focus on negative events

Overestimate how unhappy they’ll be, but will actually be more happy in the long term

48
Q

Individuals prefer the known and imperfect path over the unknown

A
  • Focalism and immune neglect
49
Q

How do people adopt more tolerant standards in an abusive r/s?

A
  • Common aggression viewed as more normal and less of a dealbreaker
  • Amongst those who experienced aggression before
  • When it is personally relevant (own vs. stranger r/s)
  • Especially when they are highly committed b/c they want the r/s to continue
50
Q

How does one minimise or deny a partner’s abuse?

A

Make false judgments

51
Q

How does one blame oneself or things beyond the partner’s control?

A

Make external attributions

52
Q

How does violence and joking around relate to each other?

A

Among those who did not feel stuck, no link.
Among those who DID feel stuck, strong link
– Ppl who feel struck reinterpret violence as joking around

Psych of Close Relationships (5 decks)

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