week 10-elle Flashcards
1
Q
General classification of organisms (Broad > Narrow)
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
2
Q
modern taxonomy adapted from
A
Carl Linnaeus (first naturalist to classify humans as animals)
3
Q
Why was Carl Linnaeus controversial
A
subdivision of humans to regional varieties (built story to favour white europeans)
4
Q
General classification of marine organisms based on where it lives
A
-Plankton (DRIFTERS)
-Nekton (SWIMMERS)
-Benthos (BOTTOM DWELLERS)
5
Q
Plankton
A
-drift with ocean currents and represent moth of earths biomass
- 2 types:
1. Phytoplankton
2. Zooplankton
6
Q
Phytoplankton
A
-autotrophic (produce own food)
-Fix inorganic C dissolved CO2; energy from solar photons (photoautotroph)
-do this via photosynthesis (or chemosynthesis by chemoautotrophs)
7
Q
Zooplankton
A
-heterotrophic
- cannot produce own food
-needs to eat something
-energy and carbon from consuming other organisms
-process metabolism
8
Q
Holoplankton
A
spend ENTIRE lives as plankton
9
Q
Meroplankton
A
spend their juvenile or larval stages as plankton
10
Q
Nekton
A
all animals capable of moving independently of ocean currents by swimming or other means of propulsion
11
Q
Benthos
A
all animals living near, on or in the ocean floor (all water depths)
12
Q
Divisions of the marine environemnt
A
-Pelagic realm
-Benthic Realm
- Photic Zone
13
Q
Pelagic Realm
A
-surface of water
14
Q
Photic zone
A
0-200m
15
Q
Benthic Realm
A
seafloor
16
Q
4 Pelagic zones
A
- Epipelagic
- Mesopelagic
- Bathypelagic & abyssopelagic
- Hadopelagic
***all dependent on depth
17
Q
Epipelagic
A
- light present
- high O2 levels
- primary production occurs (photosynthessi)
-first 200m
-oxygen exchanged by water easily
18
Q
Mesopelagic zone
A
-twilight zone (very little light)
-Low O2 levels
-high CO2 levels
-200-1000m
-no input from primary productivity
19
Q
Bathypelagic & abyssopelagic zone
A
- dark
-high pressure
-most organisms live on detritus
-heaviest salty water
20
Q
Hadopelagic zone
A
- no light
-past abyssal plain into trench zones
-high pressure
-almost no, but NOT zero life
-close to 400 species recorded
21
Q
% of world species that are marine
A
13%
22
Q
Distriburtion of marine species
A
98% benthic
2% Pelagic
23
Q
why id there more benthic than pelagic species?
A
More niches/opporitunities at bottom
24
Q
ZOnes of the benthic environment
A
Intertidal, Sublittoral (<1000m), Bathyal (1000-4000m), & Abyssal (4000-6000m)
25
Types of benthos
Epifaunal
Infaunal
Nekobenthos
26
Epifaunal
on the sediment (sponge, sea slugs, sea cucumbers)
27
Infaunal
in the sediment (worms, pippes)
28
Nekobenthos
swimming just above bottom (octopus, crabs)
29
what zone of benthos are coral reef communities found
Sublittoral
30
highest marine species richness
coral reef species, shallow water ecosystems (one of most diverse ecosystems on planet)
31
Reefs
- largest biologically constructed formations
- underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building marine invertebraes (corals)
- wave resistant structures
- found throughout ocean
32
where are many warm coral reefs found
around equator
33
what does a coral reef requrie for growth
-substrate
-do not simply grow on accumulated sediment
-dead coral can be substrate
34
what is a coral reef
- living framework with internal cavities
-surrounding area of sediments and reef-derived skeletal grains
35
Types of coral reefs
1. Fringing reefs
2. barrier reefs
3. Atoll reefs
36
Fringing Reefs
-located nearshore
-most common
- living organisms concentrated on seaward edge
37
Barrier Reef
-separated from land by a deep channel or lagoon
-rare
-require a shallow outer edge
-specialized land formations
-over time, coral growth sustains the barrier
38
when was GBR flooded
600-20000 yrs ago
39
Atoll reefs
-similar to barrier reefs but different formation conditions
-ring-shaped island of coral reefs and coral debris
-encloses or partially encloses shallow lagoon
-vulnerable to sea level rise
40
define coral reefs
organic buildups on the sea floor in shallow water
41
Coral reef zonation
-exhibit horizontal and vertical zonation
-result of changes in sunlight (& salinity, nutrition, temp)
42
Reef slope
-delicate growth forms
-larger corals
-species diversity decreases with depth
43
Reef crest
-greatest wave action
-highest part of the reef, exposed at low tide
-dominated by robust head corals and coralline algae
44
Reef flat
-protected, calm, shallow water
-cm-m
-tolerate wide range of temps, light intensity, and salinity
-adapt to low levels of dissolved oxygen in seawater
45
why would there be lower levels of oxygen in a coral reef flat
-high prodiuctivity (consuming O2)
- low water disturbance (low O2 air input)
46
Who builds coral reefs?
-Phylum Cnidaria (includes corals, sea anemones and jellies)
-Hermatypic Corals (reef builders)
47
Distinguishing feature of Phylym Cnidaria
specialized cells (cnidocytes) used for protection and capturing prey
48
2 basic body form of phylum cnidaria
free-swimming/floating medusae and sessile polyps
49
Hermatypic corals
-reef builders
-creates a hard, external calcareous skeleton
-Noctournal animals, solitary or colonial forms
50
Most hermatypic corals contain
-single-celled photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae
-example of mutualism (corals supply substrate, zooxanthellae supply food)
-contribute to highly diverse coral colours
-zooxanthellae can live in non-hermatypic corals
51
Gorgonian corals (soft corals)
-CaCO3 sutrcture exists, but are internal and less rigid
-aka sea fans/whips
-colonial structures
-polyps grow off centralized colonial tissue called "coenenchymal tissue"
-in reef flat
52
Coral polyp
-all stomach and tenticles
-stringing cells onto tentacles
-secretes CaCO3 to build hard outer skeleton
53
Ideal conditions for reef growth
-25-29 celcius (zooxanthellae like this)
-strong sunlight (needed for photosy.)
-clear water, low turbidity (often nutrient poor, little suspended sediment)
-waves to bring nutrients and O2
-salinity 25-35%
54
what organisms make up the coral reef
- calcreous algae
-fish
-sharks and rays
-phyto and zooplankton
-molluscs
-sponges
-anthropods
55
Why do we care about coral reef communities
- high species diversity (greater marine health through genetic spread)
-economic value (~3 trillion/yr, tourism and seafood)
-Costal protection (reduce shoreline erosion, housing farming and beaches, annual benefit of 9 billion/yr)
-pharmaceutical and chemical importance (chemistry of reef flora and fauna, potential medical treatments & chemical synthesis)
56
Deep sea corals
- found at depths of 300m to 3000m below surface
-no sunlight, no symbiont alga
-filter feed on other organisms
-water as cold as -1
-as diverse as shallow corals
->3000 species
-long lived
57
oldest deep sea coral
4265 yrs old
58
Cnidarian
-means stinging nettle
-specialized stinging cells to capture prey
-corals
-anemones
-jellies
59
Anemones
-not corals, differ at taxonomic level of order
-do ot form calcium carbonate and cannot build structures of corals
-do not contain algal symbionts
-perfer to be sessile, but can move
-tentacles are primary sensory organ
60
can corals move
no
61
Specialized cells of anemones
-cnidocyte (stinging cell)
-contains nematoysts (hook and inject toxins into prey
-can develop in 10 milliseconds
62
True Jellies
-class scyphozoa
-greek word for cup
-thin tentacles and possible presence of oral arms
-benthic and pelagic life stages
-soft body invertebraes
-all oceans, all depths
-cm-m
-can pulsate (DRIFTERS)
-two life phases
-carnivores
-around for >500m yrs
-some host algal symbionts
63
two life phases of true jellies
-free swimming medusa
-bottom-dwelling polyp
64
most jellies experience different
developmental stages
65
True jelly polyp
attached stalk, asexual reproduction via budding (benthic)
66
true jelly medusa
floating, sexual reproduction (nektonic- free swimming)
67
strobilation
jelly polyp to medusa
68
Box jellies
-aka sea wasp
-class: Cubozoa
-cube shaped medusa
-potent venom
-actively hunt
-tentacles can extend up to 3m
69
Hydrozoa
-includes wide variety of small, predatory aminals; solitary or colonial
-related to corals and jellies
-lives at ocean surface
-includes pelagic portugese man-of-war
70
Portugese Man-of-war
- hydrozoa
-a siponophore (colony of specialized minute individuals)
-3x "zooids" (specialised group of organisms)
-+ a pseudo zooid for flotation
-shared & individual nervous systems
71
Benthos; Molluscs
- over 80 thousand species
-gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods
-external or internal shells
-a few posess higher intelligence
72
Gastropods body parts and use
- foot: movement
- mantle: creates shell, covering visceral mass
- shell: protects visceral mass
- radula: tiny teeth; a scrapper
73
layers of gastropods
- 3 layers secreted by mantle
Fibrous, calcium carbonate x 2
74
Gastropods
gastro = stomach
pod = foot
-some are carnivores (moon snail)
- highly diverse
-snails, limpets, and abalone
-operculum to protect soft parts
75
Bivalves
-clams, oysters, mussels and scallops
-2 sells (valves) of CaCO3
-use adductor msucles to close, ligaments to open
-lacks a head
-suspension/filter feeders
76
3 types of bivalves
-burrowers
-epifaunal
-borers
77
Bivalves; giant clams
- mantle secretes calcium carbonate and proteins to create a shell
-protects visceral mas
-siphon - water flow; used for feeding, respiration, reproduction & locomotion
-juvenile clams can walk
-has symbiotic algae living in its mantle
78
Cephalopods
- cephalo = head
-pod = foot
- can be benthic or pelagic or both (nektobenthos)
-aka inkfish
-mobile, intelligent, well-developed senses and large brains
-central brain
-clustered ganglia in each appendage
-can change colour of skin
-can change shape of skin and soft body & regrow limbs
79
what does clustered ganglia in each appendage allow for in cephalopods
allows appendages to act (at times) independently of central brain
80
how come cephalopods can change colour of skin fast
chromatophores; skin cells with adaptable pigment
81
Do cephalopods have shells
some do, some dont
- shells internalize and reduce shell in squids and octopus
Nautilus: well developed shells
Squid: vestige of shell
Octopus: no shell (evolved away)
82
Types of benthos-mollluscus
-cephalopods
-Bivalves
-Gastropods
83
Mouth of cephalopods
has a beak, secretes toxic digestive juices
84
one of most toxic marine organisms
blue ringed octopus; cephalopods
85
Benthos - Arthropods
- part of largest phylum of animals on the planet
-75-85% of all animal species on earth
-symmetrical body plans
-jointed appendages
-malt exoskeletons
86
main marine subphylums of benthos - arthropods
-crustacea
-barnacles
-amphipods & isopods & coepods
- insect (1 genus)
87
Example sof benthos - arthropods
- crabs
-shrimp & krill
- barnacles
-lobsters
-copepods (planktonic)
88
Benthos - Echinoderms
-symmetrical body plans
-varying number of appendages with tubed feet
-asexual reporduction is common
-many have CaCO3 exoskeleton
-water vascular system (feeding, breathing, moving)
-decentralized nervous system (no true brain)
-cover complete range of sea floor
-intertidal species
-shelf species
-abyssal plains species
-"the smokers"
89
Benthos - Echinoderms - sea stars
- tube feet
-An eye at end of each appendage
-cannot see colour, fast movement
-appendage regrowth
-exudes stomach when feeding
90
Benthos - Sponges
-sessile, benthis fileter feeders
-mixotrophs
-symbiotic relationship with alage
-derive part of nutrition from symbiote
-primitave animals
