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EES 080 Dork Sahagian > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of genetic material was in most organisms for a long time?

A

RNA

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2
Q

What different theories exist for how life came about?

A

hydrothermal vents, primordial soup (with amino acids), asteroids

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3
Q

What does photosynthesis convert sunlight into? how?

A

biomass through autrophy

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4
Q

How does photosynthesis work?

A

Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water get turned into oxygen (byproduct) and glucose (carbohydrates)

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5
Q

what two colors are used for photosynthesis?

A

red and blue

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6
Q

What are C3 plants?

A
  • have rubisco metabolism which requires lots of water because the leaf’s stomata co2 loss during respiration
  • calvin-benson cycle
  • they were the standard until 65 mya
  • most trees and plants
  • puts 3/4 carbons together for energy?
  • positive feedback?
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7
Q

what are C4 plants?

A
  • have PEPC metabolism which requires lots of sun
  • water efficient, doesn’t lose it during photorespiration
  • came into being when things dried up 65 mya (cenozoic)
  • insulates calvin-benson cycle with o2?
  • most grasses, sugar, corn
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8
Q

What is sex and why is it good?

A
  • allows for the mixing of genes
  • miosis instead of mitosis
  • variable offspring
  • adaptive evolution
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9
Q

what are eukaryotes and when did they develop?

A
  • complex organelles
  • RNA/DNA in nucleus, membranes
  • 1.8 bya
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10
Q

Describe multicellular organisms that

A
  • eukaryotic cells that specialized (into structural, metabolic, etc ones)
  • made complex organisms possible
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11
Q

skeleton facts

A
  • developed during the cambrian explosion 550 mya
  • increased biodiversity in the water (calcium carbonate, shells)
  • first developed as collogen
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12
Q

when did land plants develop? what kind were they?

A
  • 500 mya late cambrian
  • non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts
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13
Q

when did insects appear?

A

early ordovician

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14
Q

wheb did land vertebrates appear? what kind?

A
  • 425 mya silurian
  • amphibians
  • reproduced in bodies of water
  • millipedes
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15
Q

describe the amniotic egg

A
  • eggs have fluid that allows fetus to survive out of water
  • shells protect fetus from harsh environment
  • eggs can exchange O2 and CO2 in and out
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16
Q

what are the different kinds of potential energy?

A
  • nuclear
  • electrical
  • gravitational
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17
Q

what does energy mean?

A

ability to do work

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18
Q

what are the laws of thermodynamics?

A
  • energy moves between two bodies
  • energy conserved
  • moves from organized to chaos (energy lost)
  • absolute zero cannot be reached
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19
Q

what are the two kinds of energy? what do they mean?

A

kinetic: motion
potential: stored energy

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20
Q

List the trophic levels. define them too.

A
  1. auto/chemotrophs: make their own energy (primary producers)
  2. herbivores: eat plants
  3. carnivores: eat other animals
  4. supercarnivores: exists in the ocean (mercury gets concentrated)
  5. decomposers: eat dead things
21
Q

where can we see many trophic levels?

A

in the ocean- phyto and zoo are unique

22
Q

do trophic levels only move one way?

A

no, some species feed at many levels

23
Q

what is the community effect? give an example

A
  • when feeding habits affect ecosystem function
  • animals depend on each other
  • otters, kelp, sea urchins, and reproductivity
24
Q

what does productivity mean?

A

the amount of biomass/energy/carbon that can be incorporated into other organisms

25
Q

how can we understand ecosystem function?

A

following the energy

26
Q

what does gross primary productivity mean?

A

the rate of photosynthetic carbon uptake
AKA photosynthesis

27
Q

What is net primary productivity?

A

GPP- nighttime respiration

28
Q

where is npp highest? why?

A

at the equator because there is more water there

29
Q

what is net ecosystem productivity?

A

caron that plants do not respire
AKA soil and litter activity

30
Q

what does net ecosystem exchange mean?

A

carbon transfer between land and atmosphere (perhaps water too?)

31
Q

what are the different levels of energy storage?

A

tissue -> leaves (we eat reproductive organs) -> fat

32
Q

what do chemoautotrophs use to make energy?

A

sulfur compounds

33
Q

what are heterotrophs? give examples

A

they make organic matter from other organics
ex: animals, fungi, bacteria

34
Q

what do organisms use energy for?

A

work and growth

35
Q

list the trophic levels

A

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers

36
Q

how much energy is available to each trophic level?

A

there 90% less energy at each trophic level (90% of energy is lost)
ie. 1M -> 10k -> 1k -> 100 -> 10

37
Q

what is the limiting agent on land? in oceans?

A

land- water
ocean- nutrients

38
Q

how do we calculate ecologic efficiency?

A

energy provided by a trophic level / energy used
- comes out to be between 2-10%

39
Q

what does succession mean?

A

how an ecosystem matures through evolution from one stage to another

40
Q

what is primary succession?

A
  • from scratch
  • where there was nothing before
    ie glaciation, pond filling
41
Q

what is secondary succession?

A
  • a restart after a disaster
    ie fire, storm, saw
42
Q

what do colonizers do?

A

provide soil and nutrients but they are short-lived plants with low needs

43
Q

What is the order in which species move in for succession?

A

colonizers (herbaceous plants), early (pines), late (maples/oaks)

44
Q

describe the conversion of a lake via succession

A
  • sedge lays down floating runners creating a floating mat strong enough to support other plant while sediment is deposited at the bottom of the lake until it is filled in
45
Q

how does community structure change through time during succession?

A
  • biomass and diversity increase (peak) the go down and then squiggle from there
  • soil organic matter and total ecosystem storage of chemical elements increases than decreases slowly until stabilizing in the middle
  • a lot of nitrogen fixation before plummeting
  • plant and litter stable at a low point
  • small bump in soil phosphorus
46
Q

what does facilitation mean?

A
  • set the stage for others to come
  • prepare the landscape
  • stabilize environment
47
Q

what does interference mean?

A
  • when pioneer species prevent the growth of others
48
Q

what does chronic patchiness mean?

A
  • when species don’t mess with each other leaving gaps
  • when the physical environment is too harsh for succession to occur
49
Q

compare and contrast early vs late successional species

A

early: quick to germinate and grow
late: slow growing but live longer

EES 080 Dork Sahagian (17 decks)

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