exam 3 review

Question 1

what is convergent evolution?

Question 2

what is divergent evolution?

Question 3

how many extinctions have there been?

Answer 3

we are in our 6th one which has been the fastest

Question 4

what are invasive species?

Answer 4

• species brought from elsewhere
• they outcompete native species
• scientists believe that they only alter the ecosystem
• examples are kudzu, zebra mussels, killer bees, cane toads

Question 5

what are trophic levels?

Question 6

how does energy flow in trophic levels?

Answer 6

only 10% of the previous level’s energy is available to the next

Question 7

what is the community effect?

Answer 7

when all species affect each other

Question 8

what is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Answer 8

in primary succession, there was nothing on the land before while in secondary succession a restart occurs after a disaster

Question 9

what is the pattern of species arrival for the successions?

Answer 9

early species are known as pioneers and provide shade and nutrients for later species
- a mature forest tends to use all the available nutrients rendering it vulnerable

Question 10

how do we delineate biomes?

Answer 10

by temperature and moisture

Question 11

what do forests do for us?

Answer 11

• draw in co2 from the atmosphere
• intercept water
• reduce erosion
• cycle nutrients
• they have a dark albedo
• they moderate temperature
• they are like islands: the bigger and closer they are to each other the more biodiversity you will find

Question 12

what is important to note when restoring an ecosystem?

Answer 12

they still need to go through the stages of succession and their function must be intact

Question 13

what is a logistic curve?

Answer 13

how many individuals we can extract from an ecosystem

Question 14

what happens when a population is above/below the carrying capacity?

Answer 14

• below K they starve
• above K there isn’t enough food to support everyone

Question 15

what is the maximum sustainable yield?

Answer 15

when there are enough parents and food to maintain a population

Question 16

describe the carbon cycle

Question 17

what are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 17

1. energy is conserved
2. when energy is transformed some is lost as heat

Question 18

what are the three kinds of potential energy?

Answer 18

nuclear, electric, and gravitational

Question 19

How can energy be transferred?

Answer 19

conduction: touch
convection: constant movement
radiation:

Question 20

how is oil made?

Answer 20

phytoplankton blooms sink to the bottom away from sediment depositional zones
pressure and heat

Question 21

how is coal made?

Answer 21

heat and pressure
plants

Question 22

what are the different kinds of sustainable energy?

Answer 22

tidal, hydroelectric, wind, solar, dams

Question 23

what are the hard and soft paths?

Answer 23

hard: keep using energy
soft: use less energy

Question 24

why is pennsylvania a hotspot for energy and the such?

Answer 24

• first acid drains
• first deaths from pollution
• only US andesite

Question 25

what can we extract from shale and how?

Answer 25

• gas with water hammers because they fracture the shale

Question 26

what is the difference between fission and fussion?

Answer 26

fission: nuclear
fusion: solar

Question 27

what is an example of radioactive decay?

Answer 27

radon

Question 28

explain how photovoltaic cells work

Answer 28

• 2 silicon wafers are doped with 3ve and 5ve
• the extra electron moves to the 3ve side until it is hit with solar energy that causes it to move to the electric field
  once here it charges our batteries
• strict crystal lattice structure

Question 29

what is the energy payback ratio?

Answer 29

what you get/what you put in must equal one for it to be worth it

Question 30

what is externalization?

Question 31

describe the natural ozone cycle and then how it gets affect by chlorine

Answer 31

• UV C breaks apart O2
• O binds with another O2 creating ozone
• UV B break apart ozone
• chlorine breaks apart ozone causing UV B to hit the ground

Question 32

what is the difference between mitigation and adaption?

Question 33

what are the two definitions for sustainability?