exam 3 review Flashcards
what is convergent evolution?
what is divergent evolution?
how many extinctions have there been?
we are in our 6th one which has been the fastest
what are invasive species?
- species brought from elsewhere
- they outcompete native species
- scientists believe that they only alter the ecosystem
- examples are kudzu, zebra mussels, killer bees, cane toads
what are trophic levels?
how does energy flow in trophic levels?
only 10% of the previous level’s energy is available to the next
what is the community effect?
when all species affect each other
what is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
in primary succession, there was nothing on the land before while in secondary succession a restart occurs after a disaster
what is the pattern of species arrival for the successions?
early species are known as pioneers and provide shade and nutrients for later species
- a mature forest tends to use all the available nutrients rendering it vulnerable
how do we delineate biomes?
by temperature and moisture
what do forests do for us?
- draw in co2 from the atmosphere
- intercept water
- reduce erosion
- cycle nutrients
- they have a dark albedo
- they moderate temperature
- they are like islands: the bigger and closer they are to each other the more biodiversity you will find
what is important to note when restoring an ecosystem?
they still need to go through the stages of succession and their function must be intact
what is a logistic curve?
how many individuals we can extract from an ecosystem
what happens when a population is above/below the carrying capacity?
- below K they starve
- above K there isn’t enough food to support everyone
what is the maximum sustainable yield?
when there are enough parents and food to maintain a population
describe the carbon cycle
what are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
- energy is conserved
- when energy is transformed some is lost as heat
what are the three kinds of potential energy?
nuclear, electric, and gravitational
How can energy be transferred?
conduction: touch
convection: constant movement
radiation:
how is oil made?
phytoplankton blooms sink to the bottom away from sediment depositional zones
pressure and heat
how is coal made?
heat and pressure
plants
what are the different kinds of sustainable energy?
tidal, hydroelectric, wind, solar, dams
what are the hard and soft paths?
hard: keep using energy
soft: use less energy
why is pennsylvania a hotspot for energy and the such?
- first acid drains
- first deaths from pollution
- only US andesite
what can we extract from shale and how?
- gas with water hammers because they fracture the shale
what is the difference between fission and fussion?
fission: nuclear
fusion: solar
what is an example of radioactive decay?
radon
explain how photovoltaic cells work
- 2 silicon wafers are doped with 3ve and 5ve
- the extra electron moves to the 3ve side until it is hit with solar energy that causes it to move to the electric field
once here it charges our batteries - strict crystal lattice structure
what is the energy payback ratio?
what you get/what you put in must equal one for it to be worth it
what is externalization?
describe the natural ozone cycle and then how it gets affect by chlorine
- UV C breaks apart O2
- O binds with another O2 creating ozone
- UV B break apart ozone
- chlorine breaks apart ozone causing UV B to hit the ground
what is the difference between mitigation and adaption?
what are the two definitions for sustainability?
