Matter Matters 9/3 Tuesday Flashcards
What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
What are some examples of matter?
solids, liquids, gases, plasma
How are molecules structured in a solid
Organized into shapes
How are molecules structured in liquids?
They touch but are loose
How are molecules arranged in gas form?
Far apart and move quickly
How are molecules arranged in plasma form?
charged ions (electrons stripped away) moving around
Where and what are the noble gases?
Group 18
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
Which group do carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium belong to?
Nonmetals
What are the components of an atom?
Nucleus (protons and neutrons), shells, electrons
What is the difference between Oxygen 16, 17, and 18?
16: same number of protons and neutrons
17: one more neutron
18: two more neutrons
What does nucleon binding energy depend on?
nuclear size
Are isotopes stable?
Some are whiles others are not
What does nucleus size depend on?
how many neutrons there are for every proton
What are the three forms of radioactive decay?
Alpha, beta, and gamma
What happens in alpha decay?
an atom emits a He nucleus/particle
What is a particle composed of?
2 protons and 2 neutrons
What happens in beta decay?
an electron and neutrino are emitted
What happens during gamma decay?
a photon is emitted
What is the half-life of uranium-238 and what do we do with that information?
- Age of Earth (4.5 billion)
- nuclear fission energy
- dating
What is the half-life equation?
t = (ln 2)/k
How do we measure parent and daughter now, after time has passed?
t = 1/k ln(1+D/N)
Why is energy required to melt or evaporate things?
to break bonds or atomic associations
Ex: perspiring cools your skin
Why is energy released when condensing or solidifying?
it makes bonds and associations
Ex: crystallization in magma warms the magma
What dissolves more solids?
hot liquids
What dissolves more gases?
cold liquids
What dissolves more liquids?
hot gases
Why do certain phases dissolve others better?
What is a mineral?
- a natural, homogenous inorganic solid with specific crystal structure and chemical composition varying within particular limits
- chemical compounds that form through Earth processes
What does natural mean?
Found in nature
what does homogeneous mean?
It cannot be broken into smaller parts and keep its identity
- it is a unit cell
What does inorganic mean?
What does it mean to have a specific crystal structure?
the unit cell has an ordered atomic arrangement
What does it mean to have a chemical composition?
A chemical formula can be used to describe it with substitution variations
How many minerals have been identified on the moon?
about 20
How many identified minerals does Mars have?
about 100
How many minerals exist on Earth?
Over 5000
What does Earth have so many minerals compared to Mars and the moon?
What uses do minerals have?
- industrial
- home
What kind of importance do minerals and their distributions hold?
geopolitical
What is composed of minerals?
rocks
What do rocks provide for Earth and the Solar System? How?
record of history by dating minerals
How do we get the Solar System’s history?
- with meteorites
- rocky planets
Which specific industries use minerals?
construction, metallurgy, chemical, agriculture, glass and ceramics, fillers and extenders, energy, environmental, pharmaceutical, drug, cosmetic, and food additives
What are the environmental impacts of extracting minerals?
- mining wastes leach into water supplies
- extraction destroys habitats and creates noise pollution
- ## processing plants release toxic chemicals into airways and waterways
What is the unit cell?
What is a crystalline solid/crystal?
A unit cell with a repetitive 3-D pattern
What physical properties do we note from crystalline structure and bonding?
- hardness
- crystal form
- cleavage
- density
How do large minerals form?
from slow cooling
What are the two most abundant elements found in the Earth’s crust?
Oxygen (46.6) and silicon (27.7)
