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EES 080 Dork Sahagian > Matter Matters 9/3 Tuesday > Flashcards

Matter Matters 9/3 Tuesday Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

What are some examples of matter?

A

solids, liquids, gases, plasma

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3
Q

How are molecules structured in a solid

A

Organized into shapes

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4
Q

How are molecules structured in liquids?

A

They touch but are loose

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5
Q

How are molecules arranged in gas form?

A

Far apart and move quickly

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6
Q

How are molecules arranged in plasma form?

A

charged ions (electrons stripped away) moving around

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7
Q

Where and what are the noble gases?

A

Group 18
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

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8
Q

Which group do carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium belong to?

A

Nonmetals

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9
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

Nucleus (protons and neutrons), shells, electrons

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10
Q

What is the difference between Oxygen 16, 17, and 18?

A

16: same number of protons and neutrons
17: one more neutron
18: two more neutrons

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11
Q

What does nucleon binding energy depend on?

A

nuclear size

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12
Q

Are isotopes stable?

A

Some are whiles others are not

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13
Q

What does nucleus size depend on?

A

how many neutrons there are for every proton

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14
Q

What are the three forms of radioactive decay?

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma

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15
Q

What happens in alpha decay?

A

an atom emits a He nucleus/particle

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16
Q

What is a particle composed of?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

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17
Q

What happens in beta decay?

A

an electron and neutrino are emitted

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18
Q

What happens during gamma decay?

A

a photon is emitted

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19
Q

What is the half-life of uranium-238 and what do we do with that information?

A
  • Age of Earth (4.5 billion)
  • nuclear fission energy
  • dating
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20
Q

What is the half-life equation?

A

t = (ln 2)/k

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21
Q

How do we measure parent and daughter now, after time has passed?

A

t = 1/k ln(1+D/N)

22
Q

Why is energy required to melt or evaporate things?

A

to break bonds or atomic associations
Ex: perspiring cools your skin

23
Q

Why is energy released when condensing or solidifying?

A

it makes bonds and associations
Ex: crystallization in magma warms the magma

24
Q

What dissolves more solids?

A

hot liquids

25
Q

What dissolves more gases?

A

cold liquids

26
Q

What dissolves more liquids?

A

hot gases

27
Q

Why do certain phases dissolve others better?

A
28
Q

What is a mineral?

A
  • a natural, homogenous inorganic solid with specific crystal structure and chemical composition varying within particular limits
  • chemical compounds that form through Earth processes
29
Q

What does natural mean?

A

Found in nature

30
Q

what does homogeneous mean?

A

It cannot be broken into smaller parts and keep its identity
- it is a unit cell

31
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A
32
Q

What does it mean to have a specific crystal structure?

A

the unit cell has an ordered atomic arrangement

33
Q

What does it mean to have a chemical composition?

A

A chemical formula can be used to describe it with substitution variations

34
Q

How many minerals have been identified on the moon?

A

about 20

35
Q

How many identified minerals does Mars have?

A

about 100

36
Q

How many minerals exist on Earth?

A

Over 5000

37
Q

What does Earth have so many minerals compared to Mars and the moon?

A
38
Q

What uses do minerals have?

A
  • industrial
  • home
39
Q

What kind of importance do minerals and their distributions hold?

A

geopolitical

40
Q

What is composed of minerals?

A

rocks

41
Q

What do rocks provide for Earth and the Solar System? How?

A

record of history by dating minerals

42
Q

How do we get the Solar System’s history?

A
  • with meteorites
  • rocky planets
43
Q

Which specific industries use minerals?

A

construction, metallurgy, chemical, agriculture, glass and ceramics, fillers and extenders, energy, environmental, pharmaceutical, drug, cosmetic, and food additives

44
Q

What are the environmental impacts of extracting minerals?

A
  • mining wastes leach into water supplies
  • extraction destroys habitats and creates noise pollution
  • ## processing plants release toxic chemicals into airways and waterways
45
Q

What is the unit cell?

A
46
Q

What is a crystalline solid/crystal?

A

A unit cell with a repetitive 3-D pattern

47
Q

What physical properties do we note from crystalline structure and bonding?

A
  • hardness
  • crystal form
  • cleavage
  • density
48
Q

How do large minerals form?

A

from slow cooling

49
Q

What are the two most abundant elements found in the Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen (46.6) and silicon (27.7)

50
Q
A

EES 080 Dork Sahagian (17 decks)

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