Volcanoes Flashcards

Lecture __ 9/19 thursday

1
Q

what is a volcano?

A

a hole in the ground

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2
Q

what is the mountain etifis?

A

the mountain

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3
Q

where do we find volcanoes?

A
  • pacific ring of fire
  • subduction zones: hydrated magma
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4
Q

why do ocean ridges cause volcanoes?

A
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5
Q

What are hot spots?

A

burns through lithosphere
but lithosphere moves
chain islands
primitive
deep mantle
high He/Ne isotope ratio

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6
Q

how is volcanism associated with plate tectonics?

A
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7
Q

volcanoes and convergent plates

A
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8
Q

what controls the composition and nature of an eruption?

A

where the volcanoes are located

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9
Q

what are refractory elements?

A

everything that isn’t silica

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10
Q

how does silica determine magma type, extrusive rock, and instrusive rocks?

A

weight percent

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11
Q

how does water affect magma?

A

lowers melting temperature

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12
Q

what are flood basalts?

A
  • monstrous eruptions
  • volumetric
  • a lot of rocks melted and came up
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13
Q

what are shield volcanoes?

A

low slope
broad
fluid basalt
can run down a shallow hill

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14
Q
A

lava viscosity

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15
Q

what are cinder cones?

A
  • pieces spit out that pile-up and get steep
  • by the time they hit the ground they are hard
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16
Q

what is the angle of repose?

A
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17
Q

stratovolcanoes

A

-stratified
- composed a different in nature magma
- spatter, ash,
- very steep

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18
Q

volcanic dome

A
  • viscous
  • cool
  • close to solidus
  • comes out and solidifies right away
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19
Q

caldera

A

what is left after a very explosive eruption
- magma chamber comes out of the ground
-a hole in the ground that subsides

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20
Q
A

controls style of eruption

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21
Q

effusive

A

molten magma oozing out and flowing

22
Q

explosive

A

viscous magma fragments and shoots into the air

23
Q

pahoehoe

A

move quickly
- slower than a walk

24
Q

Aa

A

the same stuff as pahoehoe but breaks up
- more force
- steep
- past stress
- little bit faster

25
what does flow type depend on?
rheology and strain rate
26
fissure eruptions
crack in the ground erupt basalt flood basalts hexagonal
27
flood basalts
28
light rare earth enrichment
La/Sm ratio tell us primitive source melt - minerals don't want -first thing to go into melt
29
Capatability
isotope ratios
30
where do hot spots come from?
whole or layered mantle convection
31
scoria cone
- cinder - steep
32
composite cones
- stratovolcanoes - pyroclastic (fire particles) - bigger than cinder
33
volcano influence on atmosphere
ash and water vapor
34
why do they erupt
- bubbles of gas in magma -
35
plutonic
36
what kind of relationship does viscosity have with water diffusivity?
inverse
37
38
surtseyan explosion
water explosion chills and breaks up small
39
plinian explosion
sustained, fire hydrant
40
strombolian explosion
pop gun
41
vulcanian explosion
kaboom
42
how do we measure explosivity?
VEI: volume of tephra (stuff that comes out of the ground, hard to do)
43
Simplified VEI
44
what comes out of volcanoes?
basalt andesite
45
what size is ash?
less than 2 mm
46
what size is lapilli
2-64 mm
47
what sizes are blocks and bombs?
more than 64 mm - surface tension irrelevant
48
what is tephra?
49
what is tuff?
50
PDC
hundreds of km/hr large particles dragged down by air, dense deadly
51