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Foundations of Medicine > WEEK 10! > Flashcards

WEEK 10! Flashcards

1
Q

Why are PMC important?

A

They confirm death and allow the PMI to be estimated

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2
Q

What are the problems with PMC?

A

They can produce confusing artefacts, destroy evidence of injury, identify and disease.

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3
Q

When are PMCs useful?

A

In forensics

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4
Q

When do early changes occur?

A

Within minutes, hours or days

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5
Q

When do late changes occur?

A

Within weeks, months or years

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6
Q

What are the three early stage changes?

A

Algor mortis
Rigor mortis
Liver Mortis

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7
Q

What is algor mortis ?

A
  • Used to estimate PMI within first 24 hours, only in temperate climates, can be problems with this when the person does not die at 37 degrees.
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8
Q

Reasons why a person doesn’t die at 37 degrees

A 
Hypothermia 
Cardiac failure 
Haemorrhage 
Heatstroke 
Fever 
exercise 
cocaine
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9
Q

In what ways can heat be lost from the body?

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

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10
Q

What is livor mortis?

A

Darkening of death. Seen as pink/purple discolouration of the skin. Results in the gravitational pooling of blood in the vessels forming a horizontal fluid level.
Compression on tissue prevents blood from pooling there.

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11
Q

Why is livor mortis not a good PMC?

A

It can start before death i.e. in cardiac failure

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12
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Stiffening of death.
Muscles require ATP to unbind and when you run out of ATP then there is no way to unbind the muscles.
Calcium also builds up promoting binding.

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13
Q

Can rigor mortis be broken?

A

Yes and it will not return

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14
Q

Will a body at a higher temp get rigor mortis faster than a body at a low temp?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Timescale of rigor and algor mortis

A

Warm and no RM <3
Warm and RM 3-8
Cold and RM 8-36
Cold and no RM >36

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16
Q

Timescale of livor mortis

A

<6 blanching
10-2 partially fixed
>24 fully established

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17
Q

What are the two late stage changes?

A

Autolysis

Putrefaction

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18
Q

What is autolysis?

A

The enzymatic breakdown of cells and tissues it happens first

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19
Q

What is putrefaction?

A

Bacterial breakdown of cells and happens between 21-38 degrees. Bacteria from the GI and respiratory or infections. Green discolouration, swelling on the face and neck because of gas, redding fluid from the nose and mouth, skin slippage, blistering, hair slippage etc

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20
Q

What temp is required for putrefaction?

A

21-38

21
Q

What are the 5 method of decomposition?

A 
Adipocere 
Maceration 
Wet putrefaction 
Skeletonization 
Mummification
22
Q

What is adipocere?

A

Saponification of soft tissue , requires wet conditions, transformation of body fat to oleic and appears yellow, white and brown and waxy

23
Q

What is maceration ?

A

Sterile autolysis of the foetus

24
Q

What is wet putrefaction?

A

Enzymatic and bacterial

25
Q

What is skeletonization?

A

happen a long time after death

26
Q

What is mummification?

A

Desiccation of soft tissues, occurs in cool dry conditions, skin dries and shrinks and becomes leathery.

27
Q

What is a injury?

A

Damage causes by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals and radiation

28
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Any area of injury, disease or local degradation in a tissue causing a change in its structure or function

29
Q

What factors effect the injury?

A 
Degree of force 
Areas of application 
Duration 
Direction 
Tissue properties
30
Q

What is the Ek?

A

Kinetic energy, E=1/2 mv^2

31
Q

What considerations should you make when determining the cause of an injury?

A 
Superficial or deep 
Areas of perceived harm 
Accessibility of area 
Fatality 
hesitation 
Concealment
32
Q

What are the different types of mechanical force that can cause an injury?

A 
Impact 
Angulation 
Compression 
Traction 
Torsion 
Shearing 
Acceleration
33
Q

What is a blunt force wound?

A

Injury caused by contact with a blunt instrument. Normally occur together.

34
Q

Types of blunt force injury?

A

Abrasion
Bruise
Laceration

35
Q

What is an abrasion?

A

Superficial/partial thickness skin injury. Not clinically significant but important in forensics. Often imprint abrasions.

36
Q

What are the 3 types of abrasion?

A

Imprint - Crushing vertical force
Scraping - Tangential force
Graze - Board surface (i.e. road rash)

37
Q

What is a bruise of an organ called?

A

Contusion

38
Q

What should you always consider about a bruise?

A

May have moved, colour doesn’t tell you anything (red is new kind of)

39
Q

What are the different types of bruise ?

A

Patterned bruise - Mirror image of the weapon

40
Q

Examples of patterned bruising

A

Tram-tracks
clustered discoid
Black eye

41
Q

What is a laceration?

A

Cut or tear in the skin due to crushing or rotation. Ragged edges inc. tissue bridges

42
Q

What are sharp force wounds?

A

Occur by themselves and after contact with a sharp object.

43
Q

What are the two types of sharp wound?

A

Incised

Stab

44
Q

What is an incised wound?

A 
Superficial from slicing etc. 
Longer than deep 
Knife usually 
Clean edges 
Lots of bleeding
45
Q

What is a stab wound?

A

Deeper than long
Bleed a lot
Clean edges
slit or concave if against the grain of the skin

46
Q

What are chop wounds?

A 
Hybrid of blunt and sharp 
Heavy bladed instrument 
Occur along side many other types of wound 
often cause bone fractures 
normally longer than deep
47
Q

What is clinical biochemistry?

A

The study of changes in chemical composition of body fluids

48
Q

What is histopathology?

A

Study of diseases

Foundations of Medicine (25 decks)

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