Week 10/11 Flashcards
Define intelligence
- Capacity to learn from experience
- Using metacognitive processes to enhance learning
- Ability to adapt to the environment
Phrenology?
The theory that individual faculties in the brain correspond to particular abilities or intelligence traits
Focuses of early approaches of intelligence measurement
Psychophysical abilities (e.g. strength and coordination) and judgmental abilities (e.g. thinking)
Wave 1 of intelligence testing
General ability - distinguishing peoples ability from each other. 1904-now
Wave 2 of intelligence testing
Clinical profile analysis. Comparing individuals against markers of intelligence. 1940s-now
Wave 3 of intelligence testing
Psychometric profile analysis. Use of standardised tests. 1970s-now.
Wave 4 of intelligence testing
Application of theory to interpretation. How do we take this knowledge and measurements and apply them to demonstrate what intelligence is.
Key features of factorial intelligence models
- Core characteristics that can be defined as intelligence
- Looks at the underlying features of intelligence
- Heavy use of factory analysis
Factor analysis?
A statistical technique for identifying the common components that underlie a large number of intercorrelated variables
Spearman’s g factor
A single, general factor that pervades performance on all tests of mental ability, and specific factors, each of which involve a single type of mental ability test
Spearman’s suggestion
That all intelligent behaviour is defined from one unitary source, rather than individual components
Guilford’s proposal
A mode that looks at intelligence and is predominantly interested in the structure
Key features of Guillford’s model
It includes up to 150 factors. Each specific skill that we have is considered a combo of 3 dimensions.
Guillford’s 3 dimensions
Operations
Contents
Products
Guillford’s operations
Particular mental processes, such as memory, divergent production and cognition
Guillford’s contents
The kinds of features of a problem or task to solve, such as verbal, spatial and auditory processing
Guillford’s products
The kinds of responses required, such as single words or pictures, grouped responses organised in some hierarchy
Key features of Thurstone’s theory
Proposed 7 primary mental abilities based on testing. Acknowledged the existence of a single g factor, and said these abilities stem from it
Thurston’s 7 mental abilities
- Verbal comprehension
- Verbal fluency
- Inductive reasoning
- Spatial visualisation
- Number
- Memory
- Perceptual speed
Carroll’s theory
- Considered Spearman’s g factor but also abilities that stem from the G factor
- Identified 3 stratum
Carroll’s 3 stratum
Stratum 1: Narrow specific abilities, such as spelling
Stratum 2: General abilities (speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, accumulated knowledge and vocab)
Stratum 3: Single general intelligence, like Spearman’s G
Weschler’s test
- Wäscher objected to Binet’s single score
- Argued intelligence can’t be compounded to one single factor
- Factors other than intellectual ability are involved in intelligent behaviour
Stanford-Binet IQ test
- Focused on the ability to learn within an academic setting
- Comprehension, inventiveness, direction, criticism
Gardner’s theory
- Intelligence is not unitary
- Many types of intelligence
- Linguistic
- Logical mathematical
- Musical
- Spatial
- Bodily kinaesthetic: movement
- Interpersonal
- Interpersonal
- Naturalist
- Existential
Sternberg’s theory
- We have capacity for there different types of intelligence
Sternberg’s 3 sub theories
- Componential sub theory: actually learning
- Experiential theory: how we use certain types of knowledge
- Contextual sub theory: creative domain, looking at knowledge from different perspectives
Lykken & Bouchard’s (1990) Minnesota Twin Study
- Used all identical twins to compare those raised together to those raised apart
- Concluded that intelligence comes from interaction of genes, physical health, and sociocultural variables
- Genetics probably set an upper limit of intelligence
Define emotional intelligence
A form of intelligence relating to the emotional side of life such as the ability to recognise and manage emotions, motivation and handling relationships
