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IMG1033 (MSK) > week 1- textbook notes > Flashcards

week 1- textbook notes Flashcards

1
Q

Interfaces between tissue where large difference in impedance occurs, ___ results

A

bright echoes (specular reflectors)

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2
Q

An area on the image that has no echo is termed

A

anechoic

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3
Q

An aread with weak or low echo is termed

A

hypoehoic

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4
Q

A structure is of equal echogenicity to adjacent soft tissue it is described as

A

isoechoic

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5
Q

Normal tendons appear as

A

hyperechoic with fiber or fibrillar echotexture

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6
Q

Best axis to image continuous tendon fibers

A

long axis (sagittal)

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7
Q

proximal is seen on the __ side of the image

A

left

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8
Q

distal is seen on the ___ side of the image

A

right

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9
Q

Normal muscle tissue appears as ___

A

hypoechoic

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10
Q

muscle tissue is separated by hyperechoic _____ which surrounds the hypoechoic muscle bundles

A

perimysium / fibroadipose septa

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11
Q

Surface of bone or calcification is typically very ____ with posterior ___

A

hyperechoic

acoustic shadow

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12
Q

what may appear if the bone is smooth and flat

A

posterior reverberation

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13
Q

Hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface or bone is ___ and uniform, whereas fibrocartilage is ____

A
  • hypoechoic

- hyperechoic

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14
Q

Ligament appearance

A

hyperechoic, striated

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15
Q

ligaments are ___ (more/ less) compact than tendons

A

more

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16
Q

Ligaments connect two ___ structures

A

osseous (bones)

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17
Q

identifying feature of peripheral nerves in short axis

A

honeycomb

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18
Q

why do peripheral nerves appear both hyper and hypoechoic?

A

depends on their surrounding tissue

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19
Q

Individual nerve fascicles are ___ (hyper/ hypoechoic) and surrounded by ____ connetive tissue epineurium

A

HYPOechoic

HYPERechoic

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20
Q

epidermis and dermic appear

A

hyperechoic

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21
Q

Tendons become more ____(hyper/hypoechoic) with an increased insonation angle

A

hypoechoic

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22
Q

tissue is anisotropic if ____

A

properties change when measured from different directions.

23
Q

Because abnormal tendons and ligaments may also appear hypoechoic, it is important to focus on that segment of tendon or ligament that is____ to the ultrasound beam

A

perpendicular

24
Q

how to fix anisotrophy

A

angle along the long axis of the tendon/ ligament

25
Q

t/f: Anisotrophy is always a bad thing

A

FALSE

-can help distinguish the tendon/ ligament from hyperechoic fat

26
Q

what type of shadow is seen from objects with a small radius and rough surface

A

clean shadow

27
Q

what type of shadow is seen from objects with a large radius and smooth surface

A

dirty shadow

28
Q

what shadow may occur at the edge of a structure such as a torn achilles or patellar tendon

A

refractile

29
Q

when does posterior acoustic enhancement/ increased through transmission occur

A

when imaging fluid

30
Q

what artifact occurs when the surface is smooth and flat such as a metal object or surface of bone

A

posterior reverberation

31
Q

how can beam width artifact be reduced

A

adjusting focal zone to be at levelof object of interest

32
Q

what two artifacts are a form of posterior reverb

A
  • comet tail

- ring down

33
Q

what US technique is helpful in imaging an entire muscle from origin to insertion (measuring large abnormalities)

A

extended field of view

34
Q

alternative technique to extended field of view

A

split screen

-joins two images on the display & double field of view

35
Q

refractile shadowing common with ___ surfaces

A

curved

36
Q

what artifact is caused by returning sound waves that are passed between 2 tissues with remarkably different speeds

A

time of flight artifact

37
Q

if the speed of sound is less than the average in the tissue, the artifact will appear ___ the transducer

A

farther away from

38
Q

if speed of sound is more than the average in tissue, the artifact will appear ____ the transducer

A

closer to

39
Q

time of flight artifact occurs most often when imaging what type of pt and why

A

obese

-more fat-muscle interfaces

40
Q

small calcifications are common with ___ type of artifact

A

beam width

41
Q

heel-toe rocking of transducer fixes ___ artifact

A

anisotropy

42
Q

stand off pad or changing the angle of incidence fixes ___ artifact

A

reverberation

43
Q

compound imaging or use of harmonics helps to reduce or eliminate ___ artifact

A

refractile

44
Q

changing the angle of incidence helps to fix ___ artifact

A

time of flight

45
Q

beams produced at several angles and combined together forming one image

A

spatial compounding

46
Q

advantage of spatial compounding

A

improves tissue plane definition

47
Q

disadvantage of harmonics

A
  • depth of penetration suffers

- lose grey matter (looks black & white)

48
Q

t/f: harmonic signals are present during the transmission

A

FALSE`

49
Q

harmonic signals are formed ___ tissue

A

within

50
Q

harmonic signals ___(are/are not) linear sound propagations

A

not

51
Q

harmonics improve what resolution

A

axial and lateral

52
Q

hyperemic means

A

increased vascularity

53
Q

significant advantage of US over other imaging methods

A

dynamic capabilities

IMG1033 (MSK) (8 decks)

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