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IMG1033 (MSK) > week 1- intro to MSK > Flashcards

week 1- intro to MSK Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. nervous
  2. muscle
  3. connective
  4. epithelial
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2
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A
  1. fibrous
  2. bone
  3. blood
  4. cartilage
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3
Q

types of __ tissue:

  • fibrous
  • adipose
  • reticular
  • dense
  • irregular
  • regular
A

fibrous

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4
Q

types of __ tissue:

  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
A

cartilage

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5
Q

types of __ tissue:

  • compact
  • cancellous
A

bone

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6
Q

t/f: CT contains epithelial components

A

false

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7
Q

___ membranes line the spaces between bone and joint

A

synovial

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8
Q

has smooth and slick membranes that secrete synovial fluid to reduce friction between opposing surfaces in moveable joint

A

CT

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9
Q

tissue that makes up most of the muscles attached to bone

A

skeletal

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10
Q

t/f: skeletal muscle is striated

A

true

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11
Q

t/f: smooth muscle is striated

A

false

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12
Q

skeletal muscle is under ___ control (voluntary/ involuntary)

A

voluntary

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13
Q

smooth muscle is under ___ control (voluntary/ involuntary)

A

involiuntary

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14
Q

cardiac muscle is ___ and under ___ control. Makes up the walls of the heart

A

striated

involuntary

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15
Q

function of ___ tissue: rapid regulation and integration of body activities

A

nervous

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16
Q

special characteristics of nervous tissue

A
  • excitability

- conductivity

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17
Q

organs of nervous tissue

A

brain
spine
nerves

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18
Q

the conducting unit of a system

A

neuron

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19
Q

synovial membranes also line ___ when inflammation present

A

bursae

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20
Q

___ muscle lines hollow organs such as stomach and GI system, blood vessels

A

smooth

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21
Q

transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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22
Q

transmits nerve impulses TOWARDS cell body and axon

A

dendrite

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23
Q

special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround neurons

A

neuroglia

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24
Q

blood vessels, fibres, nerves follow the partitions ___ bundles of muscle

A

between

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25
Q

body contains more than ___ skeletal muscles

A

600

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26
Q

40-50% of body weight is ___ muscle

A

skeletal

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27
Q

___, along with skeleton determines the form and contour of the body

A

muscles

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28
Q

t/f: the muscle tissue only performs movement

A

false

  • heat production
  • posture
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29
Q

course sheath of CT that covers the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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30
Q

tough CT tissue that binds muscle fibers into fascicles (groups)

A

perimysium

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31
Q

delicate CT covering a muscle cell or muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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32
Q

3 CT components that form tendons

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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33
Q

a tendon is a tough cord continuous with the ___ and other end of fibrous periosteum covering the bone

A

epimysium

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34
Q

tube shape structure of fibrous CT enclosing tendons

A

tendon sheath

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35
Q

this has synovial lining to make it moist and smooth to enable easy mobility

A

tendon sheath

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36
Q

examples of where tendon sheath is found

A

wrist & ankle

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37
Q

fibrous wrapping of a muscle extending as a broad flat sheet of CT tendon

A

aponeurosis

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38
Q

primary function of aponeurosis

A

join muscles together

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39
Q

regions where aponeurosis is found

A

lumbar, plantar, palmar

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40
Q

general term for fibrous CT found under the skin and surrounding deep organs

A

fascia

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41
Q

because skeletal muscles are ___ they can respond to regulatory mechanisms such as nerve signals

A

excitable

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42
Q

term for pulling muscle ends together, regardless of whether the cells actually shorten. Produces body movement

A

contract

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43
Q

t/f: muscles may extend while still exerting force

A

true

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44
Q

term for ability of muscles to stretch, thereby allowing them to return to their resting length

A

extensibility

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45
Q

also known as nonstriated involuntary or visceral

A

smooth muscle

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46
Q

striated voluntary

A

skeletal

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47
Q

striated involuntary

A

cardiac

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48
Q

how are transverse tubules formed

A

inward extensions of sarcolemma

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49
Q

allow electrical impulses traveling along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell

A

transverse tubules

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50
Q

t- tubules extend across the sarcoplasm at right angles to the long axis of ___

A

muscle fibers

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51
Q

membrane ion pump continually transport Ca++ ions ___ from the sarcoplasm

A

inward

52
Q

the following are features of a ___ muscle

  • sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasm
  • nucleus
  • sarcomere
  • myofibril
  • t-tubule
  • mitochondria
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • triad
  • myofilaments
A

skeletal

53
Q

myofibrils are made up of

A

myofilaments

54
Q

contractile unit of muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

55
Q

each myofibril consists of many

A

sarcomeres

56
Q

Threadlike cells with many cross striations and many nuclei per cell

A

skeletal muscle

57
Q

Elongated narrow cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell

A

smooth muscle

58
Q

Branching cells with intercalated disks

A

cardiac muscle

59
Q

what makes muscle cells have a higher degree of contractibility than other tissues

A

bundles of microfilaments

60
Q

what does the triad contain in muscles

A

a T tubule sandwiched between two sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

dark stripes in striated muscles

A

A band

62
Q

light band that run accrosss midsection of each dark A band

A

H band

63
Q

light stripes called __ bands in striated muscle

A

I bands

64
Q

dark __ disk extends across the centre of each light band

A

Z

65
Q

The ___ allows an electrical impulse traveling along a T tubule to stimulate the membranes of adjacent sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

triad

66
Q

collagenous and elastic are types of ___(regular/ irregular) fibers in dense fibrous tissue

A

regular

67
Q

difference between collagenous and elastic dense fibrous tissue

A

both are flexible but collagenous has great strength when pulled from either or both ends

68
Q

___and ____ molecules have a chemical attraction for one another, but at rest, the active sites on the actin molecules are covered by long____ molecules.

A

actin
myosin
tropomyosin

69
Q

Globular protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the bulk of the thin filament

A

ACTIN

70
Q

Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules

A

TROPOMYOSIN

71
Q

Protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place

A

TROPONIN

72
Q

synapse where neurotransmitter molecules transmit signals

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

73
Q

The neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft that diffuses across the gap, stimulates the receptors, and initiates an impulse in the sarcolemma

A

ACh (acetylcholine)

74
Q

A skeletal muscle fiber remains at rest until stimulated by a ___ ___

A

motor neuron

75
Q

When nerve impulses reach the end of a motor neuron fiber, small vesicles release a neurotransmitter, ___, into the synaptic cleft.

A

ACh

76
Q

In excitation the Nerve impulse travels over the sarcolemma and inward along the T tubules, which triggers the release of ___ ___, which binds to troponin, and causes ___ to shift and expose active sites on ___

A

calcium ions
tropomyosin
actin

77
Q

Once the active sites are exposed, energized myosin heads of the ___ filaments bind to actin molecules in the nearby ___ filaments.

A

thick

thin

78
Q

The myosin head temporarily forms a __ ___ between the thick and thin filaments.

A

cross bridge

79
Q

describe the “power stroke: of myosin

A

when the myosin heads bend after the cross bridge is formed, pulling the thin filaments past them

80
Q

in muscle relaxation, after the Ca++ ions are relased, the __ begins stripping them from ___ and actively pumping them back into the sacs

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

troponin

81
Q

what has the higher affinity for calcium: SR or troponin

A

SR

82
Q

without Ca++ bound to troponin, ___ blocks the active sites on ___

A

tropomyosin

actin

83
Q

in muscle relaxation: Myosin heads reaching for the next active site on actin are blocked; therefore, the ___ filaments are no longer being held or pulled by the ___ filaments

A

thin (actin)

thick (myosin)

84
Q

actin is found on ___ filaments

A

thin

85
Q

myosin is found on ___ filaments

A

thick

86
Q

energy source for muscle contraction

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

87
Q

ATP binds to the myosin head and then transfers its energy to preform the work of pulling the ___ filament during contraction

A

thin

88
Q

muscle fibers continually resynthesize ATP from the breakdown of ___

A

CP (creatine phosphate)

89
Q

what happens when a cell runs out of ATP completely

A

contraction stops

-stiffness

90
Q

when might the myosin head be unable to disengage from actin? what is the result?

A
  • when ATP runs out

- Stiffness

91
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules (ACh) are released from a neurons synaptic vesicle and diffuse across the ____

A

synaptic cleft

92
Q

Neurotransmitters stimulate receptors in the motor endplate region of ___

A

sarcolemma

93
Q

“exchange vessels”

A

capillaries

94
Q

Capillaries supply muscle fibers with ___ and ____. They also remove ___ and ___

A
  • glucose & oxygen

- carbon dioxide & lactic acid

95
Q

thermogenesis is an important function of ____ muscles

A

skeletal

96
Q

skeletal muscle contraction produces ___ that can be used ___

A

heat

maintain body temp

97
Q

a tendon has multiple bundles of ____ arranged in parallel rows

A

collagenous

98
Q

tendons attach ___ to ___

A

muscle to bone

99
Q

ligaments attach ___ to ___

A

bone to bone

100
Q

the 6 shapes of muscles

A
  1. parallel
  2. convergent
  3. pennate
  4. fusiform
  5. spiral
  6. circular
101
Q

muscle type that often found in body tubes or openings, also called orbicular or sphincters

A

circle muscle

102
Q

fibers that twist between their points of attachment

A

spiral muscles

103
Q

fascicles may be close to parallel at the center (belly) but converge to a tendon at one or both ends

A

fusiform

104
Q

strap like muscles of all lengths with ___ fascicles

A

parallel

105
Q

fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wide point of attachment (fan)

A

convergent

106
Q

muscle type that is featherlike in appearance

A

pennate

107
Q

types of pennate muscles

A
  1. unipennate
  2. bipennate
  3. multipennate
108
Q

fascicles that anchor to only one side of the connective tissue shaft

A

Unipennate

109
Q

double feather attachment of fascicles

A

Bipennate

110
Q

numerous interconnecting quill-like fascicles converge at a common point

A

multipennate

111
Q

half of a feather is ___

A

unipennate

112
Q

a complete feather is

A

bipennate

113
Q

convergence of fibers to a central tendon

A

circumpennate

114
Q

deltoid is ___

A

unipennate

115
Q

gastronemeous in calf muscle is

A

bipennate

116
Q

point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts

A

origin

117
Q

point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts

A

insertion

118
Q

a muscle that directly performs a specific movement also called agonist

A

prime mover

119
Q

muscles when contracting directly oppose prime movers. They are relaxed while the prime mover is contracting to produce movement. Important for precise control

A

antagonist

120
Q

muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover. They compliment the prime mover and make it more effective

A

synergist

121
Q

rectal sphincter is an example of

A

circumpennate

122
Q

functions as a joint stabilizer. Serves to maintain posture and balance. They also assist in movement and therefore are syngerists too

A

fixator muscle

123
Q

t/f: muscles can only be placed in one category based on action

A

FALSE- depending on the movement of the muscle, it may be one or more

124
Q

muscles are named in ___ and ___

A

latin & english

125
Q

muscles are named according to:

A
  • location, function, shape
  • direction of fibers
  • number of heads/ divisions
  • points of attachment
  • relative size

IMG1033 (MSK) (8 decks)

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