week 1- intro to MSK Flashcards
4 types of tissues
- nervous
- muscle
- connective
- epithelial
4 types of connective tissue
- fibrous
- bone
- blood
- cartilage
types of __ tissue:
- fibrous
- adipose
- reticular
- dense
- irregular
- regular
fibrous
types of __ tissue:
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
cartilage
types of __ tissue:
- compact
- cancellous
bone
t/f: CT contains epithelial components
false
___ membranes line the spaces between bone and joint
synovial
has smooth and slick membranes that secrete synovial fluid to reduce friction between opposing surfaces in moveable joint
CT
tissue that makes up most of the muscles attached to bone
skeletal
t/f: skeletal muscle is striated
true
t/f: smooth muscle is striated
false
skeletal muscle is under ___ control (voluntary/ involuntary)
voluntary
smooth muscle is under ___ control (voluntary/ involuntary)
involiuntary
cardiac muscle is ___ and under ___ control. Makes up the walls of the heart
striated
involuntary
function of ___ tissue: rapid regulation and integration of body activities
nervous
special characteristics of nervous tissue
- excitability
- conductivity
organs of nervous tissue
brain
spine
nerves
the conducting unit of a system
neuron
synovial membranes also line ___ when inflammation present
bursae
___ muscle lines hollow organs such as stomach and GI system, blood vessels
smooth
transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
axon
transmits nerve impulses TOWARDS cell body and axon
dendrite
special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround neurons
neuroglia
blood vessels, fibres, nerves follow the partitions ___ bundles of muscle
between
body contains more than ___ skeletal muscles
600
40-50% of body weight is ___ muscle
skeletal
___, along with skeleton determines the form and contour of the body
muscles
t/f: the muscle tissue only performs movement
false
- heat production
- posture
course sheath of CT that covers the whole muscle
epimysium
tough CT tissue that binds muscle fibers into fascicles (groups)
perimysium
delicate CT covering a muscle cell or muscle fiber
endomysium
3 CT components that form tendons
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
a tendon is a tough cord continuous with the ___ and other end of fibrous periosteum covering the bone
epimysium
tube shape structure of fibrous CT enclosing tendons
tendon sheath
this has synovial lining to make it moist and smooth to enable easy mobility
tendon sheath
examples of where tendon sheath is found
wrist & ankle
fibrous wrapping of a muscle extending as a broad flat sheet of CT tendon
aponeurosis
primary function of aponeurosis
join muscles together
regions where aponeurosis is found
lumbar, plantar, palmar
general term for fibrous CT found under the skin and surrounding deep organs
fascia
because skeletal muscles are ___ they can respond to regulatory mechanisms such as nerve signals
excitable
term for pulling muscle ends together, regardless of whether the cells actually shorten. Produces body movement
contract
t/f: muscles may extend while still exerting force
true
term for ability of muscles to stretch, thereby allowing them to return to their resting length
extensibility
also known as nonstriated involuntary or visceral
smooth muscle
striated voluntary
skeletal
striated involuntary
cardiac
how are transverse tubules formed
inward extensions of sarcolemma
allow electrical impulses traveling along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell
transverse tubules
t- tubules extend across the sarcoplasm at right angles to the long axis of ___
muscle fibers
membrane ion pump continually transport Ca++ ions ___ from the sarcoplasm
inward
the following are features of a ___ muscle
- sarcolemma
- sarcoplasm
- nucleus
- sarcomere
- myofibril
- t-tubule
- mitochondria
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- triad
- myofilaments
skeletal
myofibrils are made up of
myofilaments
contractile unit of muscle fiber
sarcomere
each myofibril consists of many
sarcomeres
Threadlike cells with many cross striations and many nuclei per cell
skeletal muscle
Elongated narrow cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell
smooth muscle
Branching cells with intercalated disks
cardiac muscle
what makes muscle cells have a higher degree of contractibility than other tissues
bundles of microfilaments
what does the triad contain in muscles
a T tubule sandwiched between two sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
dark stripes in striated muscles
A band
light band that run accrosss midsection of each dark A band
H band
light stripes called __ bands in striated muscle
I bands
dark __ disk extends across the centre of each light band
Z
The ___ allows an electrical impulse traveling along a T tubule to stimulate the membranes of adjacent sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
triad
collagenous and elastic are types of ___(regular/ irregular) fibers in dense fibrous tissue
regular
difference between collagenous and elastic dense fibrous tissue
both are flexible but collagenous has great strength when pulled from either or both ends
___and ____ molecules have a chemical attraction for one another, but at rest, the active sites on the actin molecules are covered by long____ molecules.
actin
myosin
tropomyosin
Globular protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the bulk of the thin filament
ACTIN
Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules
TROPOMYOSIN
Protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place
TROPONIN
synapse where neurotransmitter molecules transmit signals
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
The neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft that diffuses across the gap, stimulates the receptors, and initiates an impulse in the sarcolemma
ACh (acetylcholine)
A skeletal muscle fiber remains at rest until stimulated by a ___ ___
motor neuron
When nerve impulses reach the end of a motor neuron fiber, small vesicles release a neurotransmitter, ___, into the synaptic cleft.
ACh
In excitation the Nerve impulse travels over the sarcolemma and inward along the T tubules, which triggers the release of ___ ___, which binds to troponin, and causes ___ to shift and expose active sites on ___
calcium ions
tropomyosin
actin
Once the active sites are exposed, energized myosin heads of the ___ filaments bind to actin molecules in the nearby ___ filaments.
thick
thin
The myosin head temporarily forms a __ ___ between the thick and thin filaments.
cross bridge
describe the “power stroke: of myosin
when the myosin heads bend after the cross bridge is formed, pulling the thin filaments past them
in muscle relaxation, after the Ca++ ions are relased, the __ begins stripping them from ___ and actively pumping them back into the sacs
sarcoplasmic reticulum
troponin
what has the higher affinity for calcium: SR or troponin
SR
without Ca++ bound to troponin, ___ blocks the active sites on ___
tropomyosin
actin
in muscle relaxation: Myosin heads reaching for the next active site on actin are blocked; therefore, the ___ filaments are no longer being held or pulled by the ___ filaments
thin (actin)
thick (myosin)
actin is found on ___ filaments
thin
myosin is found on ___ filaments
thick
energy source for muscle contraction
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP binds to the myosin head and then transfers its energy to preform the work of pulling the ___ filament during contraction
thin
muscle fibers continually resynthesize ATP from the breakdown of ___
CP (creatine phosphate)
what happens when a cell runs out of ATP completely
contraction stops
-stiffness
when might the myosin head be unable to disengage from actin? what is the result?
- when ATP runs out
- Stiffness
Neurotransmitter molecules (ACh) are released from a neurons synaptic vesicle and diffuse across the ____
synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters stimulate receptors in the motor endplate region of ___
sarcolemma
“exchange vessels”
capillaries
Capillaries supply muscle fibers with ___ and ____. They also remove ___ and ___
- glucose & oxygen
- carbon dioxide & lactic acid
thermogenesis is an important function of ____ muscles
skeletal
skeletal muscle contraction produces ___ that can be used ___
heat
maintain body temp
a tendon has multiple bundles of ____ arranged in parallel rows
collagenous
tendons attach ___ to ___
muscle to bone
ligaments attach ___ to ___
bone to bone
the 6 shapes of muscles
- parallel
- convergent
- pennate
- fusiform
- spiral
- circular
muscle type that often found in body tubes or openings, also called orbicular or sphincters
circle muscle
fibers that twist between their points of attachment
spiral muscles
fascicles may be close to parallel at the center (belly) but converge to a tendon at one or both ends
fusiform
strap like muscles of all lengths with ___ fascicles
parallel
fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wide point of attachment (fan)
convergent
muscle type that is featherlike in appearance
pennate
types of pennate muscles
- unipennate
- bipennate
- multipennate
fascicles that anchor to only one side of the connective tissue shaft
Unipennate
double feather attachment of fascicles
Bipennate
numerous interconnecting quill-like fascicles converge at a common point
multipennate
half of a feather is ___
unipennate
a complete feather is
bipennate
convergence of fibers to a central tendon
circumpennate
deltoid is ___
unipennate
gastronemeous in calf muscle is
bipennate
point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
origin
point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts
insertion
a muscle that directly performs a specific movement also called agonist
prime mover
muscles when contracting directly oppose prime movers. They are relaxed while the prime mover is contracting to produce movement. Important for precise control
antagonist
muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover. They compliment the prime mover and make it more effective
synergist
rectal sphincter is an example of
circumpennate
functions as a joint stabilizer. Serves to maintain posture and balance. They also assist in movement and therefore are syngerists too
fixator muscle
t/f: muscles can only be placed in one category based on action
FALSE- depending on the movement of the muscle, it may be one or more
muscles are named in ___ and ___
latin & english
muscles are named according to:
- location, function, shape
- direction of fibers
- number of heads/ divisions
- points of attachment
- relative size
