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Microbiology > Week 1 Review > Flashcards

Week 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two general types of stains

A

gram and acid fast

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2
Q

throat swabs and fecal samples are never

A

gram stained because natural flora would stain with both

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3
Q

gram positive bacteria stain

A

purple with crystal violet+ which is embedded in the peptidoglycan layer(Cell wall)

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4
Q

Gram negative bacteria stain

A

red when saffarin is added after washing away CV+ with acetone or ethanol

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5
Q

Acid Fast Stain is sued for

A

acid fast bacteria that do not pick up the gram stain.

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6
Q

two genus of bacteria that are acid fast

A

mycobacteria (wekaly G+) and Nocardia (weakly G+

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7
Q

Ziehl Neelsen Stain

A

uses hot initial stain and cool counter stain, acid fast batriea appear red/pink and non acid fast appear blue or green(depending on methylene blue or malachite green was used.

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8
Q

Kinyoun Stain

A

does not require heating initial stain, same as ZN stain

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9
Q

Fluorochrome stain

A

uses rhodamine class fluorescent dyes

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10
Q

4 types of bacteria

A

obligate aerobes- can’t live without oxygen, and have catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase

  • -Faculative anaerobes, aerobes which have the capacity to ferment sugars in the absence of alcohol.
  • -Microaerophiles- have no ETC but can tolerate low concentrations of oxygen since they have superoxide dismutase but no catalase.
    • obligate anaerobes -soil dwelling bacteria that have no ETC and no enzymes that can degrade oxygen radicals and ROS
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11
Q

Typical bacterial size

A

.2-10micrometers except for mycoplasma spp.

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12
Q

4 major shapes of bacteria

A

cocci(spheres), Bacilli(rods), spiral(curved or twisted, square(not infectious, pleomorphic (lacks a distinct shape.

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13
Q

all coccoidal bacteria are

A

non motile except for the spirochetes(G- bacteria)

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14
Q

5 basic bacterial arrangements

A

single, dipolococci(pairs), streptococci(chains) staphylococci (clusters), tetrads.

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15
Q

Flagella is required for

A

motility in all bacteria except for spirochetes

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16
Q

flagella arrangement is either

A

polar, lateral/helical, in arrangment.

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17
Q

helical filament is composed of

A

flagellin(H antigen protine)

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18
Q

non motile bacteria which do not have flagella will be

A

H+

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19
Q

hook is a

A

short curved portion which anchors the helical filament to the basal body.

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20
Q

basal body

A

always contains a rod and 1 G+ or 2 G- sets of double rings which rotate in a Cw or a CCW direction.

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21
Q

S/M rings are

A

located in the inner membrane and are needed for rotation

22
Q

L/P rings are located in

A

outer membrane (only in G- since G+ have only one lipid containing membrane and are used for stability.

23
Q

Taxis

A

involuntary movement in response to a stimulus

24
Q

Chemotaxis

A

voluntary movement in response to chemical stimulus (20 attractant and 10 repellent receptors in the cytoplasmic membrane)

25
Q

unique to gram +ve

A

Thick petidoglycan layer that have Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acid. (these bind protons, adhesins and are virus receptor site.

26
Q

Why do gram +ve stain purple

A

the stain penetrates teh petpidoglycan layer and attaches to the phospholipid layer of innermmebrane, when the wash is then enacted it shriks teh petidoglycan layer so that it traps the dye and it isn’t removed.

    • have perplasmic space inonly some
    • more permeable.
27
Q

Unique to Gram -ve

A

thin peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane of braun proteins, has porins and lipopolysacc an endotoxin

  • -have lipoproteins and peptidoglygan
    • all have a periplasmic space and porin proteins,
  • is less penetrable.
28
Q

Lipopolysaccharide structure

A

O antigen is a a repeat of 40 units it has a core polysaccharide and toxic fatty acids and lipid A

29
Q

LipoOligosaccharide

A

(bordella pertussis and neisseria meningitidis, C jejuni)

has a core and a Lipid A lacks O antigen. a terminal end.

30
Q

Why do gram -ve stain rd

A

the peptidoglycan layer can’t shirnk enough to trap the crystal violet so it shrinks away.

31
Q

effects of lysozyme

A

breaks Beta 1-4 bonds between NAM and NAG, so it destroys either a portion (spheroplas, Gram -ve due to porins) or the entire cell wall (grame +ve)

32
Q

effect of penicillin

A

Prevents cell wall formation by binding to the PBP transpeptidases. this causes defective cell wall and no protection from osmotic shock

33
Q

Mycoplasmataceae

A

lack cell wall their entire life and no petpidoglycan so they stain pink , resistant to cycloserine, lysozyme and penicillin
cotains sterols in their membrane and the cytoplasm is only ribosomes and DNA, very small genome.
–grows in diphasic colonies tha thav e afried egg like appearances
–require an agar with sterols and serum proteins.
– attachemnt to organelles is with a tapered tip plus P1 adhesin.

34
Q

Rickettsiaeceae

A

genera rickettsia and prientia, are obligate intracellular pathogens and not cultivated on agar. they are also zoonotic through arthropods.
– rod/coccobacillary shapes, closely related to gram-ve have diaminopimelic acid. some have a capsule

35
Q

Anaplasmataceae and Coxiella

A

medical importance- E. Chaffensis, E ewingii, A. phagocytophilum and C burnetti
are small oblicage intracellular pathogens that are also zoonotic.

36
Q

Chlamydiaceae

A

Chlamydia, C ttrachomatis- only man to man
Chlamydophila- C psittci and C. Pneumoniae are zoonotic from bird to man,
–obligate intracellular pathogens that don’ generate ATP and descendants of Gram 0ve with 2 membranes but NO peptidoglycan. in 1 stage of life.
– has deveopmental forms elementary body and Regiculate body.

37
Q

Developmental cycle of Chlamydiaceae

A

EB taken into host cell by phagocytosis, Next 8 hours EB reorganises –> RB Rb grows and divides by binary fission 24-48 hour RB reorganises –> EB and the host cell liberates EB

38
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Ekaryotic Saprobes.

two forms yeasts and moulds

39
Q

Yeasts

A

unicelluar round oval and have asexual reproduction by budding using pseudohyphae

40
Q

Moulds

A

multicellualr , hyphae with sexual or asexual reproduction(spores)

41
Q

Hyphae have this and psuedohyphae don’t

A

permanence, differentiation, branching, arthrospores and chlamydiospores.

ALso have septate and aseptate.

42
Q

Mycelium

A

an intertiwned mat of hyphae, some are vegetative (roots) and reproductive are the areal structures.

43
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

Same organism exhibits mould and yeast form.
pathogeneicity is usually in yeas form at 37 *

Asperigillus sp, is always in mycelial phase, Torula is only a yeast. all appear gram positive.

44
Q

Only fungus that has a capsule

A

Crypococcus neoformans.

45
Q

Cell wall of Fungus

A

Thick and rigid, no peptidoglycan 75% polysacharide and 25% protein. Chitin with beta Glugan which is a target for treatment.

46
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane of fungus contains

A

ergosterol

47
Q

4 pathogenic subdivision

A

Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidomycotina, Deuteromycotina.

48
Q

zygomycotina

A

no primary pathogens are opportunisitc, most primitive and are filamentous non septate. reproduce sexually and asexually through asexual spores.

49
Q

ascomycotina

A

have sepatate asexual spores are conidia sexual spores are ascospores,

are yeats and mulds, dermatophytes some aspergillus sp.

50
Q

Basidomycotina

A

septate produce sexual spores basiditospores, are mushrooms and puffballs.

51
Q

aquisition of fungal infection means

A

systemic =inhalation subcutaneus= puncture wound, cutanesou =invade keratin and cutaneous tissue
Superficial, infections of skin and hair.
opportunistic, debilitated and traumatized patients immuno suppresed.

52
Q

Gram positive Bacteria

A

cocci–Staphyloccocus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus.

Rods–Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Lactobacilli, Listeria, Propionibacterium

Microbiology (15 decks)

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