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Intro to bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gram positive rods

A

Bacillus, clostridium, corynebacterium, lactobacilli, listeria, propionibacterium

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2
Q

Gram negative cocci

A

Moraxella, neisseria

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3
Q

gram negative Non enteric rods

A

bartonella, bordetella, brucella, burkholderia, francisella, haemophilus, legionella

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4
Q

gram nefative Enteric rods

A

campylobacter, enterobacter, eschericia, helicobacter, klebsiella, proteus, salmonella, shigella, vibrio, yersinia

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5
Q

curved shapes

A

helical, spiral (VIBRIO)

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6
Q

diplococci example

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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7
Q

streptococci example

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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8
Q

staphylococci example

A

all staphylococcus

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9
Q

tetrad example

A

sarcina

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10
Q

coccobacillus

A

very short fat rod

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11
Q

pleomorphic

A

used for young or old when we are unsure of their shape.

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12
Q

acid fast stain used for

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis and nocardia spp.

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13
Q

colors for acid fast

A

for ZN and Kinyoun stain(cold) red and pink= acid fast, blue green= non acid fast. for FC stain, yellowish green against a black ground =acid fast.

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14
Q

flagella are never found on

A

cocci

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15
Q

Monotrichous example

A

vibrio

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16
Q

amphitrichous example

A

spirillum

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17
Q

lophotricous esxample

A

pseudomonas sp

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18
Q

lateral pertirchous example

A

proteus.

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19
Q

helical filament in flagella is composed of

A

flagellin H- antigen

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20
Q

rotor/bushing for flagella

A

S ring and M ring/L ring P ring

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21
Q

rotation of flagella to produce smooth swimming motion

A

counter clockwise

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22
Q

pilus

A

made of pilin, F-pilus is sex pilus and found only on gram -ve

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23
Q

Fimbriae

A

used for adhesion and colinization predominantly gram-ve, some gram +ve (Corynebacterium renale, actinomyces naeslundii)

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24
Q

glycocalyx

A

AKA capsule, slime layer and s-layer
surrounds cell, Slime layer is poorly organizatio and weak attachment to cell wall (staph, epidermis)- this is easily removed and can attach to plastics.
Capsule- organised adheres to cell wall (K-antigen (M-strep pyogenes, V1 for slamonellae)

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25
Q

external mucilagnous is made of

A

polysaccharide (EPS ) except bacillus anthracis which is polypeptide

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26
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

adherence (streptococcus mutans) using glucans and fuctans
Antigenic activity- S. Pneumoniae, H. Influenzae,
Antiphagocytic- strep. pneomoniaeprevention of neutrophil killing of engulged bacteria(lysosome contents do not have direct access to interior of the bacterial cell
prevention of PMN migration- bacteroides fragillis- capsule of succinic acid released that paralyzes PMN leukocyte
Toxicity to host cell- B. fragillis induces abscess
Protection- anaerobes from oxygen, dessiccation and nutrient loss.

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27
Q

Quellung reaction

A

swelling reaction indicates presence of capsule, antiserum +bacteria=swelling specific antisera capsular K/< antigens for typing.

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28
Q

backbone of cell wall

A

peptidoglycan NAM and NAG which are Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. provides rigidity and strength in gram positive- L-lysine, in gram negative Diaminopimelic acid for tetrapeptide linakge.

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29
Q

Gram +ve

A

thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids (lipoteichoic acid, acidic anionic polysacc’s Glycerol/ribitol(bunds protons, cations acts as adhesins and is a virus receptor site. have MTR proteins Group A- Streptococci and staph aureus.

some periplasmic space, more permeable

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30
Q

gram -ve bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, outemembrane has porins, braun proteins, and lipopolysacc (endotoxin) all have perplasmic space and porin proteins and are less penetrable.

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31
Q

LOS lipooligosaccharide is found in

A

bordetella pertussis, neisseria meningitidis, c. jejuni.

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32
Q

acid fast bacteria have

A

petidoglycan, arabinose, and galactose in polymers, arabinogalactan esterification produces mycolic acds that are waxy

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33
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks 1-4 bond betwen nam and nag.

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34
Q

spheroplast

A

portion of cell wall remains

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35
Q

protoplast

A

cell wall completely removed (more grame +ve bacteria.

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36
Q

penicillin

A

transpeptidases, penicillin binding proetins inhibits cross linkage

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37
Q

mycoplasma have in cytoplasmic membrane

A

sterols

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38
Q

periplasmic space

A

conatins nutrient transport protiens, nutrient acquisition enzymes proteases detoxifying enzymes beta lactamases, membrane derived oligosaccharides osmoprotectants

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39
Q

axial filaments

A

leptospira spirochetes, lack flagella

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40
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

carry 1 or more virulence genes, present only in pathogen genome. they differ from core genome in operon usage, located next to tRNA genes. associated with transposons. and often unstable.

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41
Q

pathogens with PAI’s

A

Gram +ve listeria, s. aureus, strep. etnerococcus faecalis, clostridium dificile
Gram -ve H. pylori, e coli, slamonella, shigella, yersinia, L. pneomophilia, P. aerugniosa, v. cholerae. Bacteroides fragillis

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42
Q

antibotioc resistant plasmid

A

R plasmid

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43
Q

matigng capabilities

A

F- plasmid

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44
Q

mesosomes are mainly seen in

A

gram positive bacteria.

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45
Q

endospores example

A

bacillus and clostridium

46
Q

endospore structure

A

coat-keratin like, coretex-peptidoglycan, spore wall-peptidoglycan, cell wall germinating vegetative cell. core- contains compelte genetic material, protein synthesizing apparatus, energey generating system calcium dipicolinic acd.

47
Q

outer membrane antigen

A

O antigen

48
Q

flagella antigen

A

H antigen

49
Q

capsule antigen

A

K antigen

50
Q

Mycoplasmataceae

A

M.genitalium, hominus and U. urealyticum- smallest organism. no peptidoglycan, resistant to penicillin, cycloserine and lysozyme membrane is phospholipid (glycolipid and contains sterols. cytoplasm has only ribosmes and DNA. Diphasic colonies have a fried egg appearance (except M. Pneumoniae) they require a rich medium of sterols and proteins. THey have a unique orangells with a tapered tip and P1 adhesin, destruction H2O2 and o2 (in M. pneumoniae and M. Genitalium

51
Q

Rickesttsiaceae

A

obligate intracellular pathogens (also orientia, ehrlichia, coxiella and ana plasma) are zoonotic. ROD/Coccobacillary shaped (pleomorphic.) don’t stain well have a cell wall structure with diaminopimelic acid. some have a capsule (r. prowazeki-endemic typhus.)

52
Q

Anaplasmataceae and Coxiella

A

need to know E. Chaffeensis, E. ewingii, A. phagocytophilum, and c. Burnetti(. OIP’s

53
Q

Chalmydiaceae

A

Chlamidya(trachomatis) and Chlamydophila(psittci and pneumoniae)
Chlamydia is man only- trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis and lympobranuloma venereum.
Chlamydopihla- bronchitis, pneumnia, sinusitis, athersclerosis, meningopneumontis, hepatic and renal dysfunction conjunctivitis. birds–> man Zoonotic.
are OIC do not generate ATP, descendents of gram -ve, with 2 membranes but no peptidoglycan. has two forms the elementary body,- non replicating extracelluar used to induce endocytosis. metabolically inactive
Reticulate body or initial body- replicating, non infectious, adapted for intracellular growth, metabolically active.

54
Q

Growth rate

A

time for cell to reproduce

55
Q

Generation time

A

time for complete fission cycle , formation of each new bacterial cell, its growth and eventual division into 2 cells.

56
Q

Lag stage

A

adjustment to the new environement undergo metabolism to synthesize what they need for cell growth

57
Q

Log stage

A

generation time and growth rate of bacterial production remains constant

58
Q

stationary stage

A

no inceas in cell numbers becaue you have cells dying which are replaced by the newly formed cells so your growth rate = 0

59
Q

Death stage

A

cells are dying faste than they are formed.

60
Q

examples of psycrophiles

A

flavobacterium, alcaligenes, and achromobacter

61
Q

example of facultative psychrophile

A

staph aureus, l. monocytogenes.

62
Q

bacteria are unble to grow below an Aw. of

A

.09 except Xerotolerant which have a lower Aw like salt tolerant baceria called halophiles which grow in a high concentration of solute. .65-.8

63
Q

Biocides

A

physical or chemical agent used to control microbes, may be disinfectant, antiseptic or temperature

64
Q

Disinfection

A

destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate surfaces, use physical or chemical methods

65
Q

antisepsis

A

destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue, almost always cehmical method.

66
Q

degerming

A

Removal of microbes from a limited area, mostly mechanical removal by alcohol soaked swab

67
Q

sterilisation

A

destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, usually under pressure or sterilising gas

68
Q

santisiation

A

treatment intended to lower microbial counts to safe public health levels, maybe achieved with high temp washing or dipping into chemical disinfectatn.

69
Q

Least resistant to most resistant to destruction

A

enveloped viruses, gram +ve, Larve non-enveloped, vegetative fungi, Gram -ve, fungal spores, small non-enveloped viruses, mycobacteria, endospores, Prions

70
Q

Ethylene oxide

A

strong akylator–> reacts with guanine aof DNa and function groups of proteins.

71
Q

Static vs. bacteria

A

qurtenary ammonium compounds, parachlorometaxylenol

72
Q

Static/non functional vs mycobacteria

A

Iodophors, quarternary ammonium compounds(NF), parachlorometaxylenol, triclosan

73
Q

Static, functional vs Bacterial spores

A

static- hydrogen peroxide, chlorine

Functional, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

74
Q

Static vs. fungi

A

quarternary ammonium compounds, tricolosan

75
Q

Static vs. viruses

A

alcohol, phenolics, quarternary ammonium compounds, parachlorometaxylenol

76
Q

for high risk

A

inactivates viruses fungi, myco and spores, because it is being introduced into sterile body areas

77
Q

for intermediate risk use

A

inactivates viruses, fungi, mycobacteria , usually comes in contact with mucous membranes, prior to use with immunocompromised, contaminated with particularly virulent or readily transmissble organisms.

78
Q

for low risk

A

inactivates non-sporulating bacteria and lipid-enveloped viruses

79
Q

alcohols effective against

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria

80
Q

chlorhexidine

A

bacteria, static for fungi, mycobacteria, some viruses

81
Q

iodine and iodophores

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria

82
Q

Triclosan

A

bacteria, static fungi, static mycobacteria.

83
Q

selective toxicity

A

minimal or no effect on host cells but maximum effect against infecting microorganism.

84
Q

Conjugation

A

need F pilus which is only found on Gram -ve bacteria
Plasmid has the resistance genes and integrated plasmid ( the episome integrates into recipient DNA. Complete transfer of F plasmid = New F+ cell Incomplete+ cell remains f-, complete transfer with integration into chromome= HFR cell, Integgrated F plasmid cell can now transfer to new F- cell. transfer f plasmid plus some or all of chromosome.

85
Q

Tranformation

A

some cells are competent like Haemophilus or streptococci they have DNA binding protein on the outside and can incorporate strands of broken DNA, Haemophilus from only Haemophulis, Sterpto from any bacteria.

86
Q

Transduction

A

virulent and temperate,-
Virulent death of cell by lysis releasing new phage,
temperate, can swtich between virulent lytic phase and prophage,
Lysogeny, gene expression repressed for phage gene, but can be triggered under certain conditions
happens when a defective phage with bacterial resistant DNA is injected into another instead of the phage DNA. in temperate the defective phage and bacterial phage have been integrated and that gets injected and integarted into the new bacterial DNA.

87
Q

lysogeny

A

when baceria are carrying a prophage.

88
Q

Transposons

A

Non-homologous recombination, jumping genes, can move around within the cell from chromsome to chromosome or chromosome to plasmid.

89
Q

Virulence factors

A

influence the microbes ability to cause disease, promote colonization of host, cause damage
they predominantly encoded by associated with mobile genetic elements.
large proportion located within, pathogenicity islands.

90
Q

examples of Virulence factors

A

iron uptake systems, adhesins, pore forming toxins, superantigens, secreted lipases, secreted proteases, proteins transported by type I and III secretion systems, antibiotic resistance phenotype.

91
Q

attachment requires

A

host cell receptors, and microbial surface componnents

92
Q

attachment/adhearance is defined by

A

ability to adhere, favourable environment, presence/absence of normal microflora.

93
Q

afimbrial ashesins

A

lipoteichoic acid- epithelial cells and buccal epithelial cells, lPS or LOS, gastric epithelial cells, macrophages, Mannans, epithelial mucosa.

94
Q

methods of invasino

A

phagocytosis, bacterial and fungal invasins, interact with cell receptors and induce endocytosis. Host cell cytoskeleton rearrangment like internalin A: L. monocytogenes. Usually injected into host cell. membrane ruffling.

95
Q

complement system evasion techniques

A

capsules, CB proteins, proteases, host cell mimicry

96
Q

phacytosis evasion

A

capsules, type III secretion systems, intracellular parasitism. you can inhibit phagosome lysosome fusion, escape phagolysosome, inactivate oxygen radicals or degradative enzymes, produce a surfae componnent.

97
Q

antigen processing evasion

A

interfere with MHC function and antigen processing

98
Q

antibody evasion

A

Ig binding/inactivating proteins- binding of Fc domain of IgG or bacterial IgA proteases antigenic variation- phase variation is expression switchable on/off, multiple antigenic forms at different times.

99
Q

Hyaluronic acid is used for

A

host cell mimicry

100
Q

polysaccharide and Polyribose ribitol phosphate are compnents of

A

capsules.

101
Q

evade complement and phagocytosis without capsule you use

A

extracellular prtoease, Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses Elastase which prevents opsonization and inactivates C3b and C5a, Streptococcus pyogenes uses C5a peptidase–> it inhibits phagocyte chemotaxis degrades C5a

102
Q

evasion of macrophages and leukocytes

A

leukocidins–> kill neutrophils and macrophages,
Alter phospholipid metabolism by ADP ribosylation
these are typically HIGHLY invasive bacteria.

103
Q

iron sequestration

A

specific surface receptors or through siderophore secretion, have a high affinity for iron.

104
Q

biofilm

A

exopolymeric substance (EPS) is produced. seen in Central catheters and urinary catheters.

105
Q

exotoxin

A

composed of polypeptide, toxoid formation, not usually fever. examples, btulism, tetanus, Cytotoxin, TSST-1 Diptheria.
classified according to: target site/cell, producing bacterium, mechanism of action, associated diseases.
encoded by plasmids and bacteriophages and you control via environmental regulators like pH and iron.

106
Q

Class 1 exotoxin

A

membrane acting/binding- TSST-1, powerful T-cell mitogens, Superantigens, Toxic schock syndrome and rheumatic fever. they bind directly to t cell receptor.

107
Q

class II exotoxin

A

membrane acting- like lecithinase of C. Perfringens or Alpha toxin or phospholipase c. destabilizes phospholipid.
pore formation- listeriolysin O also called CFT’s channell forming toxins.

108
Q

Class III exotoxin

A

intracellular- A catalyitic, enzymatically attacks host cell function or structure. B- binding subunit, specific host cell surface glycoprotein or glycolipid. - ADP ribosylatransferase, Zinc metalloendoprotease, deamidase, glucosyltransferase.
AB- singel gene encodes for seingle peptide, diptheria toxin covalently linked.

A5B two genes encode A and B units and they are noncovalently associated- cholera toxin, enterotoxin.

109
Q

toxoid

A

inactivated toxin, still antigent but do ont cause damage, used for diptheria and tetanus

110
Q

survival of microbes

A

need to resist UV damage and drying.

Microbiology (15 decks)

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