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Microbiology > Intro to virus > Flashcards

Intro to virus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all human viruses with helical capsid have

A

an envelope

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2
Q

Viral envelope

A

surrounds nucelocapsid, 2 lipid layers with proteins and made from host and virus material. associated with persisitent infections. easy to eliminate with alcohol and detergents.

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3
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

surface glycoprotein attaches to sialic acid residues of host cell

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4
Q

Neuraminidase

A

surface spike, aids in release of virus from host cell.

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5
Q

matrix proteins

A

links envelope and capsid for stabilization, can drive final assembly process and imporant budding location.

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6
Q

viral surface proteins

A

exposed, made of glycoproteins include VAPS

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7
Q

viral genoms

A

both linear and circular

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8
Q

DNA envelope viruses

A

pox, herpes, hepadna

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9
Q

DNA Naked viruses

A

Polyoma, Papilloma, Adeno, (SS) Parvo

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10
Q

RNA Positive

A

Naked- Picorna calici, Envelope- Toga, Flavi, Corona

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11
Q

RNA negative

A

Enveloped Rhabdo, Filo orthomyxo, paramyxo, bunya, arena

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12
Q

Double stranded RNA

A

Double capsid, Reo

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13
Q

RNA positive via DNA

A

enveloped Retro.

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14
Q

Biochemical detection for viruses

A

Enzymatic assays, PCR, NA hybridization

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15
Q

Serological detection for viruses

A

IF, IP, IB, ELiSA, RIA

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16
Q

Defective Virus

A

complete virus particle but unable to replicate without helper virus, lacks full complement of genes for complete life cycle

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17
Q

Pseudovirions

A

contain non-viral DNA, infections but Don’t replicate.

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18
Q

Viriods

A

subviral, small circular ssRNA genomes, Hep D is the only one for humans and it is enclosed by Hep B.

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19
Q

Prions

A

proteinaceous and infections, like scrapie,

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20
Q

Virophage

A

goes after giant virus grows only in a strain of the mimivirus within the infected amoeba sputnik is a circular double stranded DNA

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21
Q

Latent phase

A

progeny virus accumulates intracellulary, ends when free virus is released.

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22
Q

penetration enveloped vs. non enveleopted

A

enveloped viruses- endocytosis, fusion with cellular vacuoles or fusion of two membranes
non enveloped, absorptive endocytosis

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23
Q

Protein and nucleic acid synthesis phase

A

start of eclipse phase, susceptibility is markers and getting into the cell, permissiveness is whether or not it can replicate.

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24
Q

Matrix proteins arrange

A

alongside the modified cell membrane

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25
Q

nucleocapsid moves

A

toward the matrix protein area, so it can bud out of the cell.

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26
Q

structural proteins

A

all proteins in mature virus particle

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27
Q

non-structural proteins

A

viral proteins in cell but not packaged.

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28
Q

Type 1 Virus

A

dsDNA virus, Adeno, Herpes, Pox, Polyomaviruses
some can tranform cells

transcribe Immediate Early or Early Mrna

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29
Q

Replication of type 1 virus

A

IE mRNA translated to IE protein–> IE proteins(regulatory) transcribe EmRNA–>translated to E proteins(regulatory, polymerases)–> replicate parental DNA and LmRNA–> Late mRNA make Late Proteins–> Late proteins make capsids.

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30
Q

Type 2 virus

A

Single Stranded DNA, very small the circo(sscircularDNA) and parvoviruses(ssLinear DNA).- replication happens in the nucleus and virus is released by cell lysis.

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31
Q

Type 2 replication

A

ssDNA–> dsDNA by cell enzymes–> mRNA by cell enzymes. –> translated to viral proteins–> make capsids and encapsidate progeny virus.

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32
Q

Type III virus

A

ds RNA virus must have RNA dependent RNA polyermase in virion. - Reo(rotavirus) and Birna Viruses. replication happens outside of the nucleus inside the capsid to protect it from cells destroying it.

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33
Q

Type III replication

A

ds RNa is transcribed to viral mRNA by virus associated RNA dependent RNA polymerase, viral mRNA translated to structural and nonstructural proteins. –>mRna are translated resulting in viral proteins assemble to form immature capsid. MRNA is also packaged into the immature capsid then copped within the capsid to form the ds RNAs

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34
Q

Type IV virus

A

Single stranded Positive sense RNA virus, are infectious, PIcorna, toga, corona, flaviviruses

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35
Q

Type IVa replication

A

sspositive translted to polyprotein–> transcribe parental positive RNA into negative RNA which is the transcribed to Positive RNA, Structural proteins also translated by polyproteins to make structural proteins–> these make capsids and incorporate progeny RNA

36
Q

Type IVb replication

A

SS+RNA makes non structural proteins.–> Parental RNA+ transcribed–>RNA- transcribed into–> RNA+ and capsid incorporates the +RNA

37
Q

Type V

A

SS- RNA viruses more diverse, segmentation common, genome is copied by virus specific polymerase- orthomyxo, bunya , filo viruses. Ifluenza

38
Q

Type v replication

A

virus associated premade polymerase reads the -RNA –>+RNA serves as intermediate for progeny viral genomes–> mRNA translated–> viral proteins–> assebley of the capsid and incorporation of genomic RNA and viral proteins including virus RNA polymeraase

39
Q

Type VI Virus

A

+RNA virus Reverse transcriptase- retroviruses, HIV

40
Q

Type VI virus replication

A

2 copies of +RNA: viruas assocatied premade Reverse Transcriptase that generates ds Provrius
Provirus integrates into host genome template for synthesis.
Viral mRNA for non structural and structural proteins, Non structural proteins may be RT and other polymerases, Structural proteins assemble into capsid, Mature virion the capsid incorporates the viral genome and the nucleoproteins including

41
Q

Type VII ds DNA viruses with ss RNA intermdiate

A

DNA genomes that use RT to make genomic DNA from an RNA copy HBV,

42
Q

Type VII replication

A

Partially DS, DNA complete ds supercoiled DNA is made supercoiled DNA goes to the nucleus for transcription of v0MRNAs and viral pregenomic mRNA–> mRNa translated to structural and nonstructural proteins including polymerase, capsid is made from structural proteins. capsid incorporates the pregenomic mRNA and the viral polymerase. Maturation of the virus–> during this process the pregenomic mRNA–> partially dsDNA–> virus starts to mature.

43
Q

Epidemic

A

occur over larger geographical area, introduction of new strain of virus to an immunologically naive population.

44
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide epidemics

45
Q

virus have cell tropism but cause

A

more than one disease

46
Q

viruses encod

A

virulence factors

47
Q

virulence factors do these

A

promote replication and transmission, access to binding to target tisue, escape immune system

48
Q

Persisting infection

A

infection without cell death, selection of ideal target (chronic, nonlytic, productive.)

49
Q

Latent recurring nfection

A

presence of virus wihtout virus production but with potential for reactivation

50
Q

susceptible host

A

has proper receptors

51
Q

permissive host

A

has proper biosynthetic machinery

52
Q

GI tract infections have more significant effect on

A

infants (dehydration,) undernourished people.

53
Q

Macule

A

flat colored spots

54
Q

papules

A

slightly raised areas from immune response

55
Q

Nodules

A

larger raised areas of the skin

56
Q

vesicular lesions

A

blisters likely to contain virus.

57
Q

hemorrhagic fevers

A

infect endothelial cell lining of the vasculature possibly compromising the structure of the blood vessel.

58
Q

HHV 1 and 2 virus

A

can initally infect and replicate mucoepithelial cells, are lytic most cells: cowdry type A inclusion bodies synctia- persistent (lymphocytes and macrophages) latent infections (neurons)
–virus blocks effects of interferon, prevents T cell recognition of infected cells and escapes antibody neturialization.

–recurrence occurs.

59
Q

HHV- 5 CMV

A

chorioretinitis is associated with CM in newborns. most prevalent viral cause of congenital disease

60
Q

Cytopathic Effects

A

Rounding, inclusion bodies, cell lysis, necrosis, apoptosis, scyncythia formation, transformation.

61
Q

No human cancer arises

A

as the acute consequence of infection jusually latency periods between primary infection and cancer development.

62
Q

no synthesis of the infectious gents occurs in

A

cancer cells.

63
Q

most cancer causing viruses are

A

common in the population.

64
Q

papilloma transforms proteins

A

E6, E7

65
Q

Polyoma transforms proteins

A

Large T and Small T antigen

66
Q

Adenovirus transforms

A

E1A and E1B

67
Q

BK virus and SV-40 virus transforms

A

Large T

68
Q

EBV HHV4

A

EM observation characterisitic herpes, causally associated with AfBL hodkindisease and NPC, also been asosciated with B-cell lymphonmas in patients.

69
Q

EBV proteins encodes

A

LMP proteins, EBNA proteins vIL 10

70
Q

HHV-8 Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

tumor of the blood vessel, rare in people not infected with HIV

71
Q

Merkel cell polyomavirus

A

highly aggressive neuroendogrine carcinoma

72
Q

Mutated genes in HBC

A

HBx and PreS mutants

73
Q

Mutated genes in HBV

A

Core NS2 NSSB

74
Q

RNA tumor viruses

A

-some retroviruses have oncogenes in addition to regular genes some –can integate particular sites in host cells(oncogenes is by promoter sequence)
- retroviruses particularly on original
-acute leukemia or sarcoma(fast) and leukemia(slow)
Fast: oncogene- direct effect provision of growth enhancing proteins
slow: transactivation- indirect effect transactivation protein(tax)!or long terminal repeat promoter sequences that enhance expression of cellular growth genes.

75
Q

HTLV -1

A

retrovirus known to cause human cancer. cause cancer after a long latency period, more indirect than the encoding viruses. causes adult acute t cell lymphocytic leukemia (ATLL) and HTLV associated myelopathy

76
Q

HTLV uses gene

A

TAX

77
Q

Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

most common among those w/ inherited immune deficiency, autoimmune disease or HIV. can increase risk by HTLV-1 hep C and EBV

78
Q

Example of subunit vaccines

A

HepB, quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 and L1 VLP vaccin.

79
Q

HPV vaccine

A

Recombinant L1 proteins that self assemble into VLP’s administered before the onset of sexual activity, 100% protection from infection with vaccine HPV types ptoential to prevent 70% cervical cancers and 90% genital wards.

80
Q

Antivirals

A

interfere with virus specific function, interfere with cellular function, are water soluble and taken up by cells not stable. toxic carcinogenic allergenic mutagenic teratogenic used more for prophylaxis

81
Q

action of antiviruals

A

block attachment, penetration, uncoating.

82
Q

antivirals can also inhibt

A

function of viral DNA polymerase

83
Q

Acyclovir can be used for

A

treatment of HHV I and HHV II infections

84
Q

Acyclovir mechanism

A

guanosine analog must undergo thymidine kinase mediated phosphorylation acyclovir trphosphate blocks DNa synthesis by chain termination.

85
Q

Nevirapine

A

non nuleoside polymerase inhibitr bind to various enzyme sites.

86
Q

antiviral protease inihibitor

A

saquinavir block cleavage of polyproteins, hIB dependent on proteolytic enzyme for full infectivity. drug resistant strains protease mutations.

87
Q

Imiquimod

A

toll like receptor ligand stimulates innate responses to attck the virus infection. HPV

Microbiology (15 decks)

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