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Microbiology > Week 1 Review > Flashcards

Week 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

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2
Q

What is a micro-organism (i.e. microbe)?

A

The organisms referred to in microbiology

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3
Q

What are the 7 different types of micro-organisms covered in this class?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protozoans
Algae
Fungi
Helminths (parasitic worms)
Viruses

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4
Q

What is symbiosis? Give examples.

A

The living together of different organisms or populations

Examples:
Gut flora in humans
- Probiotics lactic acid-producing bacteria that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Insect repopulation
- Only Wolbachia-infected can reproduce

Termites:
- Depend on protozoans to digest cellulose (a component of wood), those protozoans depend on bacteria that make them motile (move throughout termite gut)

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5
Q

How are micro-organisms beneficial? Harmful? Give examples.

A

BENEFICIAL: Most microbes do not cause disease
Gut flora in humans
- Probiotics lactic acid-producing bacteria that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Bacteria are useful in industry
- Bleaching: peroxidase gene from fungus

Role of phytoplankton
- Photosynthesis: produces O2

HARMFUL:
BIofilms: bacteria that live in packs
- Enterococcus faecalis forms plaque on teeth and medical devices
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms on medical devices and tissues

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6
Q

What is the definition of infectious diseases? Emerging infectious diseases?

A

Infectious diseases are diseases you get from another source
- Pathogen invades a host

Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are new or changing and have the potential to increase in incidence

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7
Q

Give examples of emerging infectious diseases caused by viruses. Bacteria?

A

Viruses: SARS-CoV-2 (diease = covid-19), Ebola
Bacteria: antibiotic-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA-methicillin-resistant S. Aureus)

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8
Q

What was the role of microbiology before microscopes?

A
  • Fermentation of food and beverages
  • Piptoporus betulinus (fungus) had laxative properties and antibiotic properties
  • Tattoos formed by cuts, stuffed with herbs, then burning the herbs
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9
Q

Name the early scientists (Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek) and their contributions.

A

Robert Hooke
Observed cork, discovered life’s smallest units made of “little boxes” or “cells”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Discovered first living organisms: “Animalcules”

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10
Q

Who first discovered and named “cells?” Who first discovered “live” cells? Plant cells? Animal cells?)

A
  • Robert Hooke discovered and named “cells”
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered “live” cells
  • Matthias Schleiden discovered plant cells
  • Theodor Schwann discovered animal cells
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11
Q

What is the cell theory? Who originally proposed it?

A

Originally proposed by Rudolf Virchow

The cell theory is the theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from preexisting cells

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12
Q

What is spontaneous generation/biogenesis? What experiments were used to prove/disprove spontaneous generation? Who were the scientists affiliated with each study?

A
  • Biogenesis is the idea that living things only come from other living things
  • Spontaneous generation is the idea that life arises spontaneously from non-living matter

Experiments:
- Francesco Redi filled jars with decaying meat and found that jars covered with a fine net had no maggots and jars opened had maggots appeared (supported biogenesis)

  • John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and found microbial growth (supported spontaneous generation)
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient broth solutions in flasks, heated, then sealed and found no microbial growth (supported biogenesis)
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13
Q

How did Pasteur contribute to finally disproving spontaneous generation? What were the steps involved in the experiment? What step was important in proving biogenesis?

A
  • Pasteur contribute to finally disproving spontaneous generation through his S-shaped flask experiment
  • The prevention of contamination was important in proving biogenesis

Experiment:
- Heated S-shaped flasks filled with nutrient broth, killing microorganisms

  • The curvature of the flask prevents outside air from entering the flask so no contamination occurs
  • Breaking off the S flask, bacteria may reach the sterile broth, and organism growth occurs
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14
Q

What other contributions did Pasteur make to microbiology?

A

Fermentation
- Yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

Pasteurization
- Heat kills most bacteria

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15
Q

What is the germ theory and who proved it?

A

The germ theory is the idea that microorganisms cause disease and Robert Koch proved it

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16
Q

What are the steps in Koch’s Postulate?

A

The same pathogen is present in every case of the disease

The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

Pure culture pathogens must cause disease when inoculated into a healthy animal

Pathogen isolated from inoculated animal must show to be the original pathogen

17
Q

What is the history of how diseases are treated (synthetic drugs and antibiotics)?

A

Synthetic drugs:
- Quinine to treat malaria
- Salvarsan to treat syphilis

Antibiotics
- Mold inhibits the growth of bacteria
- Active inhibitor: penicillin

18
Q

What are vaccines? Which scientist is given credit for “discovering” vaccines? What was the experiment?

A

Vaccines are cultures of avirulent (can’t cause disease) microorganisms used to prevent disease through inoculation

  • Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids with cowpox were protected from smallpox
  • Took scrapings from blisters of occurring cowpox and inoculated a healthy 8-year-old boy with a needle
  • The boy was mildly sick but never contracted smallpox
19
Q

How did Pasteur contribute to vaccines?

A

Noticed microorganisms lost virulence (ability to cause disease) over time

Use weakened strains to induce immunity

20
Q

What Kingdoms were originally proposed? To which kingdom did bacteria originally belong?

A

Plant
Animal
Protista
Fungi
Monera

  • Bacteria originally belonged to Monera
21
Q

Why was the Kingdom Monera eliminated?

A

Monera was made up of one set of cells called prokaryotic cells, whereas all the other kingdoms were made of eukaryotic cells

Found there was more than one type of prokaryotic cells so that classification was lost

22
Q

What are the two major types of cells and their characteristics?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
- Contains no membrane-bound organelles
- Genetic material not separated from cell contents
- Smaller and simpler cells
- Unicellular organisms

Eukaryotic Cells:
- Contains membrane-bound organelles
- Genetic material separated from cell contents
- Larger and more complex cells contain organelles
- Unicellular or mulicellular organisms

23
Q

Who were Woese and Fox? What classification system did they propose?

A

Woese and Fox proposed a classification system based on the cellular organization of organisms: 3 domains

24
Q

What are the three domains? Compare and contrast each.

A

Archaea is prokaryotic, has cell walls NOT made of peptidoglycan, has a branched carbon chain cell membrane, and is not antibiotic-sensitive

Bacteria are prokaryotic, have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, have a straight carbon chain cell membrane, and are antibiotic-sensitive

Eukarya is eukaryotic, has some cell walls but not of peptidoglycan, has a straight carbon chain cell membrane, and is not antibiotic-sensitive

25
Q

What are the steps involved in classifying organisms, especially bacteria?

A

Classification based on cell wall, cell membrane, antibiotic sensitivity

Bacteria are prokaryotic, have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, have a straight carbon chain cell membrane, and are antibiotic-sensitive

26
Q

What is systematics?

A

The evolutionary relations of organism

27
Q

What common properties imply that a group evolved from a common ancestor?

A

rRNA (genetic sequence)
Fossils
Anatomy

28
Q

When did bacteria arise based on the evolutionary timeline? Humans?

A

Bacteria arose about 3.5 billion years ago

Humans appeared in the present time (about 200 thousand years ago)

29
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory? Who proposed it?

A

Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiotic theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

30
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy? How does it differ for each domain?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class. Order, family, genus, species

The three domains have a phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, however, prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) do not have a kingdom, while eukaryotic cells (eukarya) have a kingdom.

31
Q

How are prokaryotes classified? What reference manuals are used?

A
  • Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology
  • by Bacteria and Archaea, and then their phylum
  • No kingdom
  • Prokaryotic species: populations with similar characteristics
  • Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea (morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests
  • Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea (based on rRNA sequencing)
32
Q

What are the ways of identifying micro-organisms?

A

Cellular morphology
Shape and arrangement

Differential staining
Gram stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain

Biochemical tests
Determines the presence of bacterial enzymes

33
Q

What are the common shapes and arrangements of bacteria?

A

Shape: coccus (sphere), bacillus (rod), spirilla, vibrios

Arrangement: staphylo (clusters), strepto (chain), diplo, tetrad

34
Q

What are other ways bacteria are identified?

A

Enterotube
- One tube with 15 biochemical tests inoculated with an unknown enteric bacterium
- After incubation, the tube is observed for results
- Positives circled and numbers from added give ID value
- Compare ID value with a computerized listing

DNA sequencing

35
Q

What are the major “branches” involved in classifying prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes branch into bacteria and archaea

Bacteria branch into gram-negative and gram-positive

Gram-negative branches into proteobacteria and non-proteobacteria

Gram-positive branches into low GC and High GC

Microbiology (16 decks)

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