Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cell wall (composition, Gram-positive vs negative)
- Made of peptidoglycan
Gram +:
- Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
- 1 periplasmic space
Gram -:
- Thin peptidoglycan cell wall
- Outer membrane
- 2 periplasmic space
Prokaryotic Cell membrane: composition, fluid mosaic model, phospholipids (amphipathic), Steroids
- phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins
- hopanoids
Fluid mosaic model:
- Proteins move to function
- Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
- Polar head and nonpolar tail (amphipathic = have hydrophilic (polar) side and hydrophobic side (nonpolar))
Prokaryotic Glycocalyx (capsule, slime layer/biofilm formation)
Capsule:
Organized, firmly attached to the cell wall
Slime layer:
Unorganized, loosely attached to the cell wall, easy to diffuse through
Biofilm formation:
- First colonists sticky to the organic surface of cells
- Thick, slimy layers form around the colonist cells as the cells divide
- The sticky layer sticks to other microbes and forms a mature community of diverse microbes
Prokaryotic Ribosomes
Site of protein production
Located: free in the cytoplasm or attached to the inner plasma membrane
Prokaryotes= 70S (50S + 30S)
Eukaryotes= 80S (60S +40S)
Prokaryotic Inclusion bodies
Reserve depostites, with no membrane around it
Prokaryotic Nucleoid region
Locattion of DNA
Parkaryotes dont have a nucleus, but have a circular genome
Plasmids = smaller pieces of DNA
Prokaryotic Fimbriae and pili
Outside structure of cells
Aid in attachment for gram negative
Pili aids in bacterial reproduction
Prokaryotic Flagella (including different types)
- Motility, rotates like a propeller
- Made of the protein flagellin and has a basal body
Types:
Peritrichous= flagella surrounds the cell
Monotrichous and polar= only one flagella
Lophotrichous and polar= lots of flagella coming from one end
Amphitrichous and polar= one flagella at each end
Prokaryotic Chemotaxis
Bacteria movement towards nutrients
counterclockwise= run, clockwise= stop
Prokaryotic Endospores and cycle
For survival and triggered by stress, endospores form in bacterial cells via sporulation, and then via germination, returns to vegetative state when stress is gone
Eukaryote External structures (cell wall, plasma membrane, endospore?)
Cell wall not made of peptidoglycan, but some eukaryotes have a cell wall
- Fungi= chitin
- Algae and plants= cellulose
Plasma membrane similar to prokaryotes and allows endocytosis
No endospores, with the exception of spores in fungi for the purpose of reproduction
Eukaryote Nucleus
Spherical organeleles about the size of a prokaryote (5-7um)
Linear chromosomes
nucleolus= where RNA is made
Eukaryote Cytoskeleton and Types of filaments
Made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules for cellular structure and support
Eukaryote Cilia and flagella
Motility
More structurally complex than in prokaryotes
Moves in a whip-like manner, as opposed to rotation in prokaryotes
Eukaryote Chloroplasts
Only in plants and algae
Structurally similar to mitochondria
Thylakoids and photosynthesis (make sugar from sunlight)
