week 1 quiz

Question 1

What are the 3 developmental stages in utero? Indicate the duration of each.

Answer 1

pre-embryonic: conception to day 14
Embryonic: day 15-week 8
Fetal: end of week 8-birth

Question 2

What is the ectoderm and what structures are derived from it?

Answer 2

primary germ layer, outer layer of germ cells. Gives rise to sensory organs, epidermis, and nervous system.

Question 3

What is the mesoderm and what structures arise from it?

Answer 3

primary germ layer, middle layer. Gives rise to dermis, muscle skeleton, excretory, circulatory systems

Question 4

What is the endoderm and what structures arise from it?

Answer 4

primary germ layer, inner layer. Gives rise to gut, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system.

Question 5

On which surface of the embryo is the neural plate located?

Answer 5

Dorsal surface

Question 6

What mature structures of the nervous system does the neural tube differentiate into?

Answer 6

The neuroepithelium of the neural tube gives rise neurons and glia of the CNS

Question 6

In reference to neural tube formation, what happens if the rostral and caudal neuropores fail to close?

Answer 6

Rostral failure results in anencephaly and caudal failure results in spinal bifida

Question 7

What mature structures of the nervous system do the neural crest cells differentiate into?

Answer 7

All neurons whose cell bodies lie outside the CNS–Peripheral sensory nerves, ANS peripheral portion, Schwann cells, arachnoid and pia.

Question 8

What type of nervous tissue does the marginal layer of the primitive spinal cord differentiate into?

Answer 8

White matter

Question 9

What type of nervous tissue does the mantle layer of the primitive spinal cord differentiate into?

Answer 9

Gray matter

Question 10

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

Answer 10

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencepalon

Question 11

what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

Answer 11

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 12

What mature structures arise from the telencephalon?

Answer 12

cerebral cortex/white matter, BG, lateral ventricle

Question 12

What mature structures arise from the diencephalon?

Answer 12

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, 3rd ventricle

Question 13

What mature structures arise from the mesencephalon?

Answer 13

midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

Question 14

What mature structures arise from the metencephalon?

Answer 14

pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle

Question 15

what structures arise from the myelencephalon?

Answer 15

medulla, 4th ventricle/central canal

Question 16

What is the terminology used to denote gray/white matter in the CNS?

Answer 16

gray-cortex, nucleii
white-tract,lemniscus,fasciculi,capsule,peduncle,column

Question 17

Describe how sensory information travels through the nervous system. Name the structures involved

Answer 17

Sensory information from the somatic nervous system begins at sensory receptors where depolarization occurs. Information travels in an afferent direction through the periphery in peripheral sensory nerve fibers, through the dorsal root. The dorsal root ganglia contains the cell bodies of peripheral nerve fibers. It enters the spinal cord, ascends in sensory tracts to nuclei of the brainstem. Some information will reach the cortex for conscious sensation.

Question 17

What is the terminology used to denote gray/white matter in the PNS?

Answer 17

gray-ganglia
white-nerve

Question 18

. Describe how motor information travels through the nervous system. Name the structures involved.

Answer 18

Motor output is initiated within the central nervous system. Voluntary movement originates in the primary motor cortex. Motor output can originate subcortically and is influenced by modulating systems such as cerebellar and basal ganglia. Information descends the spinal cord in motor tracts and exits the CNS through the ventral rootlets/roots to peripheral nerves and terminates on the motor end plates of skeletal muscle. Motor output also occurs in the ANS, originating in the CNS and terminates on smooth muscle and glands.

Question 19

Describe how the dura divides the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord

Answer 19

Falx cerebri divides right and left hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli divides middle and posterior cranial fossae
Tentorial notch is the opening in which the brainstem descends