week 1 quiz Flashcards
What are the 3 developmental stages in utero? Indicate the duration of each.
pre-embryonic: conception to day 14
Embryonic: day 15-week 8
Fetal: end of week 8-birth
What is the ectoderm and what structures are derived from it?
primary germ layer, outer layer of germ cells. Gives rise to sensory organs, epidermis, and nervous system.
What is the mesoderm and what structures arise from it?
primary germ layer, middle layer. Gives rise to dermis, muscle skeleton, excretory, circulatory systems
What is the endoderm and what structures arise from it?
primary germ layer, inner layer. Gives rise to gut, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system.
On which surface of the embryo is the neural plate located?
Dorsal surface
What mature structures of the nervous system does the neural tube differentiate into?
The neuroepithelium of the neural tube gives rise neurons and glia of the CNS
In reference to neural tube formation, what happens if the rostral and caudal neuropores fail to close?
Rostral failure results in anencephaly and caudal failure results in spinal bifida
What mature structures of the nervous system do the neural crest cells differentiate into?
All neurons whose cell bodies lie outside the CNS–Peripheral sensory nerves, ANS peripheral portion, Schwann cells, arachnoid and pia.
What type of nervous tissue does the marginal layer of the primitive spinal cord differentiate into?
White matter
What type of nervous tissue does the mantle layer of the primitive spinal cord differentiate into?
Gray matter
What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencepalon
what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
What mature structures arise from the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex/white matter, BG, lateral ventricle
What mature structures arise from the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, 3rd ventricle
What mature structures arise from the mesencephalon?
midbrain, cerebral aqueduct
What mature structures arise from the metencephalon?
pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle
what structures arise from the myelencephalon?
medulla, 4th ventricle/central canal
What is the terminology used to denote gray/white matter in the CNS?
gray-cortex, nucleii
white-tract,lemniscus,fasciculi,capsule,peduncle,column
Describe how sensory information travels through the nervous system. Name the structures involved
Sensory information from the somatic nervous system begins at sensory receptors where depolarization occurs. Information travels in an afferent direction through the periphery in peripheral sensory nerve fibers, through the dorsal root. The dorsal root ganglia contains the cell bodies of peripheral nerve fibers. It enters the spinal cord, ascends in sensory tracts to nuclei of the brainstem. Some information will reach the cortex for conscious sensation.
What is the terminology used to denote gray/white matter in the PNS?
gray-ganglia
white-nerve
. Describe how motor information travels through the nervous system. Name the structures involved.
Motor output is initiated within the central nervous system. Voluntary movement originates in the primary motor cortex. Motor output can originate subcortically and is influenced by modulating systems such as cerebellar and basal ganglia. Information descends the spinal cord in motor tracts and exits the CNS through the ventral rootlets/roots to peripheral nerves and terminates on the motor end plates of skeletal muscle. Motor output also occurs in the ANS, originating in the CNS and terminates on smooth muscle and glands.
Describe how the dura divides the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord
Falx cerebri divides right and left hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli divides middle and posterior cranial fossae
Tentorial notch is the opening in which the brainstem descends
