lecture quiz 1 Flashcards
What is the function and components of the brainstem?
It controls most bodily functions needed for survival such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate. Midbrain, pons, medulla
what is the choroid plexus?
forms cerebral spinal fluid, located in ventricles
what are dendrites?
short processes that receive input into cell; usually several off one cell body
what is the myelin sheath and what is it made of?
made of fats and proteins, allow for faster electrical impulse travel. formed by glial cells; oligodendrocytes in cns and schwann cells in pns
Neurotransmitters function and different types
rapid communication between cells-excitatory postsynaptic potentials inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
glutamate-CNS excitatory
GABA-CNS inhibitory
Acetylcholine- muscle contraction as well as parasympathetic function
Norepinephrine-ANS
what is gray/white matter?
gray- made of neuronal cell bodies. allows for processing of information: movement, emotion, memory. located outside of cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, bg, thalmus brainstem nuclei
white-made of myelinated axons. passes messages through the brain, lies within brain
wheres does gray and white matter lie in the spinal cord?
white-outside
gray-inside
What do dorsal nerve roots carry?
afferent sensory information
what do ventral nerve roots carry?
efferent motor information
Where does the sympathetic division of ANS start/what does it do?
Arises at T1-L3. Releases norepinephrine onto end organs-fight or flight response which increases heart rate/ blood pressure/ bronchodilation/pupil size
where does parasympathetic division of ANS arise from? what does it do?
Arises from cranial nerves and S2-S4 and it releases acetylcholine onto end organs. increases gastric secretions, slows heart rate, decreases pupil size
what is the gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex?
gyri-bumps
sulci-crevices
Where are the primary visual and auditory cortexes located?
visual-occipital
auditory-temporal
what is the corticospinal tract?
it begins in primary motor cortex which neuron cell bodies project axons through white matter to the brain stem then spinal cord. it crosses over at the pyramidal decussation of medulla, lesion above the decussation causes contralateral side weakness.
what are upper and lower motor neurons?
upper motor neuron-originates in brain, descending axons to brainstem or sc.
Lower motor neuron-axons projecting out of the sc via anterior spinal roots/cranial nerves to reach muscle.
synapse together in anterior horn of central gray matter of sc
what is somatic sensation?
conscious perceptions of touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception.
what are the two main pathways in the somatosensory systems?
dorsal column pathway
anterolateral pathway
what is the dorsal column pathway?
conveys proprioception, vibration, fine touch. information comes in sc via dorsal root ganglion then travels up white matter to medulla. synapses with second order sensory neuron, travels to thalamus, third order neuron to postcentral gyrus
what is the anterolateral pathway?
conveys pain, temperature, crude touch. Information enters sc via dorsal root ganglia, synapses w second order neuron in sc. ascends to thalmus and synapses w third order neuron to postcentral gyrus.
what are the structures in the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
what is the role of the thalamus?
gray matter structure located deep in cerebral white matter. relay center for almost all pathways that project to cerebral cortex. Sensory and non-sensory pathways relay here
what is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?
provides rapid local feedback for motor control. starts with motor spindles which detects stretch of muscle. -> information sent to sensory neurons->dorsal root->gray matter of sc. LMN project via ventral root back to muscle causing contraction.
What are the components of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla
what are the functions of the brainstem?
sensory/motor, nausea/vomit, pain/heart rate/blood pressure/ respiration
What is the reticular formation?
contains much of the brainstem nuclei/involved in level of consciousness/lesion here can cause lethargy or coma
what are the functions of the limbic system?
regulating emotions/memory/appetite/autonomic/neuroendocrine
what are the main parts of the limbic system?
amygdala/hippocampus/cingulate gyri
What happens if there is a lesion in the limbic system?
decreased memory/behavioral changes/seizures
what are the different types of lesions in the visual association cortex?
prosopagnosia-cannot recognize faces
achromatopsia-cannot recognize color
palinopsia-reappearance of object seen earlier
what is gerstmann’s syndrome?
lesion in parietal lobe in left hemispere. decreases calculations, right-left confusion, inability to identify fingers, difficulty written language
what is apraxia?
lesion in frontal lobe/parietal lobe
what happens when there is a lesion in the frontal lobe?
primitive reflexes, difficulty transition from one activity to another, personality changes, unsteady/shuffling gait,urinary incontinence
