lecture quiz 1

Question 1

What is the function and components of the brainstem?

Answer 1

It controls most bodily functions needed for survival such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate. Midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 2

what is the choroid plexus?

Answer 2

forms cerebral spinal fluid, located in ventricles

Question 3

what are dendrites?

Answer 3

short processes that receive input into cell; usually several off one cell body

Question 4

what is the myelin sheath and what is it made of?

Answer 4

made of fats and proteins, allow for faster electrical impulse travel. formed by glial cells; oligodendrocytes in cns and schwann cells in pns

Question 5

Neurotransmitters function and different types

Answer 5

rapid communication between cells-excitatory postsynaptic potentials inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
glutamate-CNS excitatory
GABA-CNS inhibitory
Acetylcholine- muscle contraction as well as parasympathetic function
Norepinephrine-ANS

Question 6

what is gray/white matter?

Answer 6

gray- made of neuronal cell bodies. allows for processing of information: movement, emotion, memory. located outside of cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, bg, thalmus brainstem nuclei
white-made of myelinated axons. passes messages through the brain, lies within brain

Question 7

wheres does gray and white matter lie in the spinal cord?

Answer 7

white-outside
gray-inside

Question 7

What do dorsal nerve roots carry?

Answer 7

afferent sensory information

Question 8

what do ventral nerve roots carry?

Answer 8

efferent motor information

Question 9

Where does the sympathetic division of ANS start/what does it do?

Answer 9

Arises at T1-L3. Releases norepinephrine onto end organs-fight or flight response which increases heart rate/ blood pressure/ bronchodilation/pupil size

Question 10

where does parasympathetic division of ANS arise from? what does it do?

Answer 10

Arises from cranial nerves and S2-S4 and it releases acetylcholine onto end organs. increases gastric secretions, slows heart rate, decreases pupil size

Question 11

what is the gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

gyri-bumps
sulci-crevices

Question 11

Where are the primary visual and auditory cortexes located?

Answer 11

visual-occipital
auditory-temporal

Question 12

what is the corticospinal tract?

Answer 12

it begins in primary motor cortex which neuron cell bodies project axons through white matter to the brain stem then spinal cord. it crosses over at the pyramidal decussation of medulla, lesion above the decussation causes contralateral side weakness.

Question 13

what are upper and lower motor neurons?

Answer 13

upper motor neuron-originates in brain, descending axons to brainstem or sc.
Lower motor neuron-axons projecting out of the sc via anterior spinal roots/cranial nerves to reach muscle.
synapse together in anterior horn of central gray matter of sc

Question 14

what is somatic sensation?

Answer 14

conscious perceptions of touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception.

Question 15

what are the two main pathways in the somatosensory systems?

Answer 15

dorsal column pathway
anterolateral pathway

Question 16

what is the dorsal column pathway?

Answer 16

conveys proprioception, vibration, fine touch. information comes in sc via dorsal root ganglion then travels up white matter to medulla. synapses with second order sensory neuron, travels to thalamus, third order neuron to postcentral gyrus

Question 17

what is the anterolateral pathway?

Answer 17

conveys pain, temperature, crude touch. Information enters sc via dorsal root ganglia, synapses w second order neuron in sc. ascends to thalmus and synapses w third order neuron to postcentral gyrus.

Question 18

what are the structures in the diencephalon?

Answer 18

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 19

what is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 19

gray matter structure located deep in cerebral white matter. relay center for almost all pathways that project to cerebral cortex. Sensory and non-sensory pathways relay here

Question 20

what is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?

Answer 20

provides rapid local feedback for motor control. starts with motor spindles which detects stretch of muscle. -> information sent to sensory neurons->dorsal root->gray matter of sc. LMN project via ventral root back to muscle causing contraction.

Question 21

What are the components of the brainstem?

Answer 21

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 22

what are the functions of the brainstem?

Answer 22

sensory/motor, nausea/vomit, pain/heart rate/blood pressure/ respiration

Question 23

What is the reticular formation?

Answer 23

contains much of the brainstem nuclei/involved in level of consciousness/lesion here can cause lethargy or coma

Question 24

what are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 24

regulating emotions/memory/appetite/autonomic/neuroendocrine

Question 25

what are the main parts of the limbic system?

Answer 25

amygdala/hippocampus/cingulate gyri

Question 26

What happens if there is a lesion in the limbic system?

Answer 26

decreased memory/behavioral changes/seizures

Question 27

what are the different types of lesions in the visual association cortex?

Answer 27

prosopagnosia-cannot recognize faces
achromatopsia-cannot recognize color
palinopsia-reappearance of object seen earlier

Question 28

what is gerstmann’s syndrome?

Answer 28

lesion in parietal lobe in left hemispere. decreases calculations, right-left confusion, inability to identify fingers, difficulty written language

Question 29

what is apraxia?

Answer 29

lesion in frontal lobe/parietal lobe

Question 30

what happens when there is a lesion in the frontal lobe?

Answer 30

primitive reflexes, difficulty transition from one activity to another, personality changes, unsteady/shuffling gait,urinary incontinence