Week 1 Part 2

Question 1

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 1

Holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motivates, often originating in childhood, underline human behavior

• battle unconscious impulses and overcome major crises
• nature

Question 2

Freud

Answer 2

• subconscious internal influences determine personality and behavior
• Id, ego, superego

-criticized for limited stages and biased samples

Question 3

Erikson

Answer 3

• social interactions shape development
• emphasize family and culture
• industry vs. inferiority
• intimacy vs. role diffusion
• intimacy vs. isolation

-criticized for biased, difficult-to-test theory

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

• studies observable behavior
• describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
• behavior can be predicted and explained by knowing the stimuli

-nurture

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

• Pavlov
• learning occurs through the association of a meaningful stimulus with a neutral stimulus
• neutral stimulus becomes conditioned response

-EX: dog salivating to bell

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

• Skinner
• voluntary behavior response is increased or decreased when followed by positive or negative outcomes

-learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior

Question 7

Behaviorism criticism

Answer 7

• focus on learning via stimuli and responses
• only observable features matter
• disregard nature and mental processes

Question 8

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 8

• learning occurs through observation and imitation

- observed behaviors are copied behaviors

Question 9

Cognitive Theory

Answer 9

focuses on changes in how people think, remember, analyze over time

• our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
• nature

Question 10

Piaget

Answer 10

• quantitative and qualitative changes
• assimilation: taking info in that is compatible with what one already knows
• accommodation: changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge
• adaptation

Question 11

Information Processing

Answer 11

• compares human thinking processes to a computer
• complex behaviors driven by series of steps (cognition begins when input is picked up by the 5 senses)

-criticism: ignores social context

Question 12

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Answer 12

-development results from the interaction of each person with social and cultural forces

• joint construction
• scaffolding
• zone-of-proximal development

-nurture

Question 13

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model

Answer 13

• considers all the influences from the various contexts of development
• microsystem: family, school, peers, neighborhood
• mesosystem: interaction btw two Microsystems
• exosystem: parents workplace

Question 14

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 14

-to explain how genetics X environment leads to social behavior, physical and personality traits

Question 15

selective adaptation

Answer 15

process by which living creatures adjust to their environment

-genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected (become more prevalent)

Question 16

differential susceptibility

Answer 16

the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences

-often such differences are genetic, which makes some people affected by life events

Question 17

Piaget’s 4 cognitive stages

Answer 17

1. sensorimotor: use of senses and motor abilities; learn object permanence
2. pre-operational: think symbolically, language; egocentric limited
3. concrete operational: use logic; can’t think hypothetically
4. formal operational: use abstract and hypothetical thinking