Week 1

Question 1

scientific method steps

Answer 1

1. Question
2. formulate falsifiable hypothesis
3. conduct research (test)
4. test hypotheses with empirical evidence
5. analyze and draw conclusions
6. report results
7. replicate resultscx

Question 2

correlation and causation

Answer 2

• looks at relations between variables and how they are related
• *correlation does not = causation

Question 3

naturalistic observation

Answer 3

• children are observed in everyday settings
• limited control
• behavior may change when observed

Question 4

ethnography and qualitative research

Answer 4

• small samples, limited generalizability

- misinterpretation

Question 5

survey research

Answer 5

• limited to self-reported data

- limited generalizability

Question 6

cross-sectional studies

Answer 6

-cannot determine temporal sequence, cohorts effects

Question 7

longitudinal studies

Answer 7

• same children are compared over a substantial time period
• age related changes
• long term investment, selective attrition
• testing effects

Question 8

basic ethical principles for research

Answer 8

1. freedom from harm: participants’ rights come first
2. informed consent
3. use of deception: only ethical when not causing harm
4. participants’ privacy

Question 9

experiment

Answer 9

• determine cause and effect
• control participants
• dependent vs. independent

Question 10

case study

Answer 10

an in-depth study of one person, usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow-up discussions

Question 11

cross-sequential research

Answer 11

-study several groups of people of different ages (cross-sectional) and then follow these groups over the years (longitudinal approach)