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Musculoskeletal Block > Week 1- MSK science > Flashcards

Week 1- MSK science Flashcards

1
Q

Are skeletal muscles myogenic or neurogenic?

A

Neurogenic

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2
Q

What makes up a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle that it innervates.

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3
Q

If a motor unit has a large number of muscle fibres which purpose is more likely? Precision or power?

A

Power

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4
Q 
Rank in order of size the following (smallest to largest):
muscle 
myofibril
muscle fibre (cell)
sarcomere
A

sarcomere
myofibril
muscle fibre
muscle

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5
Q

Between which lines is a sarcomere measured?

A

Z lines

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6
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

Where the surface action potential triggers calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

What complex is removed by Ca2+ ions in muscle contraction?

A

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

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8
Q

______ is necessary to transport Ca2+ ions back into the __________ __________.

A

ATP

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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9
Q

Why does rigor mortis occur?

A

If there is no ATP then Calcium ions cannot be returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscles remain in a state of contraction.

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10
Q 
identify what each of the following bands consist of:
I band
A band
H zone
M line
Z line
A 
I- actin alone
A- Myosin and actin
H zone- myosin alone
M line- centre of myosin
Z line- centre of actin
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11
Q

____________ muscle unit ___________ during submaximal contraction helps prevent muscle fatigue.

A

asynchronous

recruitment

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12
Q

Stronger muscle contraction is brought about by stimulation of more motor units. What is this known as?

A

Motor Unit recruitment

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13
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A maximal sustained contraction of a motor unit. This occurs when the muscle fibre is stimulated so rapidly that it does not have time to relax between stimuli

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14
Q

What type of muscle cannot be tetanised?

A

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

If skeletal muscle receives a second stimulation before it had time to completely relax, the second response add to the first and a greater muscle ________ is developed

A

Tension

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16
Q

The ________ developed by skeletal muscle _________ with increasing _________ of stimulation.
Sustained contraction occurs when the muscle is stimulated _______ with no opportunity to ______ in between stimuli.

A 
Tension
increases
frequency
rapidly
relax
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17
Q

Skeletal muscle tension is conveyed to bone via the stretching of _______/________ _____ of muscle.

A

tendon

connective tissue

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18
Q

Name the two types of skeletal muscle contraction

A

Isotonic

Isometric

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19
Q

What is the difference between isotonic/isometric contraction?

A

isotonic- tension remains constant, muscle length changes

isometric-tension develops at constant muscle length

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20
Q

Give two examples of isotonic and isometric contraction

A

isotonic- lifting objects, body movements

isometric- supporting objects in fixed positions, maintaining posture

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21
Q

the greater the velocity of shortening the _______ the load

A

lighter

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22
Q

Name the three types of skeletal muscle

A

Slow oxidative fibres (type I) for prolonged/low work aerobic activities
Fast oxidative fibres (type IIa) for relatively prolonged moderate work activities
Fast glycolytic fibres (type IIx) anaerobic activity- short term high work activity

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23
Q

Define a reflex action

A

A stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

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24
Q

stretch reflexes resist passive change in ________ _______ and so they maintain optimum muscle length

A

muscle length

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25
Q

Muscle spindles are known as _________ fibres rather than _________. They are specialised sensory muscle fibres.

A

intrafusal

extrafusal

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26
Q

The efferent neurones that supply muscle spindles are called ________ ______ _______.

A

Gamma Motor neurones

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27
Q

Give another name of a fibrous joint

A

Synarthrosis

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28
Q

Little-no movement occurs at fibrous joints. the bones are joined together by fibrous tissue. Give an example of a fibrous joint in the adult skeleton

A

Skull sutures

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29
Q

fibrocatilaginous joints are joined together by cartilage. Give 4 examples of such joints

A

pubic symphysis
sacroiliac joints
costochondral joints
intervertebral joints

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30
Q

Give another name for a cartilaginous joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

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31
Q

Bones separated by a ________ cavity (containing _______ _____) and united by a fibrous ________ (and other extra-articular structures e.g. ligaments, tendons, and bursae)

The inner aspect of fibrous _______ is lined with ________ membrane

A 
synovial
synovial fluid
capsule
capsule
synovial
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32
Q

The synovial membrane is ________ _________ _____ with capillary networks and lymphatics

The synovial membrane contains ________ cells (fibroblasts) which produces the synovial fluid

The _________ ________ of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage

A

vascular connective tissue
synovial cells
articular surfaces

33
Q

What is the difference between simple and compound synovial joints?

A

Simple synovial joints consist of only one pair of articular surfaces whereas compound joints consist of more than one pair.

34
Q

identify three extra-articular structures

A

Bursa
tendon
ligament

35
Q

Synovial fluid consists of ___________ ____ and _______.

A

Hyaluronic acid

lubricin

36
Q

The articular cartilage is __________ and instead derives its nourishment from _________ ______.

A

avascular

synovial fluid

37
Q

Synovial fluid is continuously replenished and absorbed by the __________ __________.

A

Synovial membrane

38
Q

___ acid in the synovial fluid is derived from the _______ of blood plasma.

A

Uric acid

dialysis

39
Q

The elasticity and viscosity of synovial fluid varies between different joints. Rapid movement is associated with ___________ viscosity and _________ elasticity.

A

decreased viscosity

increased elasticity

40
Q

Synovial fluid is usually _________ and the WBC is _____m3.

A

colourless

<200m3

41
Q

Red synovial fluid is a sign of what two conditions?

A

Haemorrhagic arthritis

traumatic synovial tap

42
Q

Identify the four zones of articular cartilage

A

superficial
middle
deep
calcified

43
Q

Identify the three components of articular cartilage ECM. Each degrades with age. Relative concentrations of each can vary thus changing the mechanical properties of the matrix

A

water
collagen (mainly type 2)
proteoglycans

44
Q

Chondrocytes both degrade and synthesize the ECM. the rate of both processes varies and this is known as what?

A

Cartilage ECM turnover

45
Q

Identify two catabolic and two anabolic factors of Matrix turnover

A

catabolic- TNF-alpha and Interleukin 1

anabolic- TGF-beta and IGF 1

46
Q

Skeletal muscle is innervated by myelinated ______ _______ __________. Near the muscle it divides into ___________ branches which innervate each individual muscle fibre.

A

alpha motor neurones

unmyelinated

47
Q

Give another name for the presynaptic heads at a neuromuscular junction

A

Terminal Bouton

48
Q

Name the cavity across which ACh travels at an NMJ

A

synaptic cleft

49
Q

Upon which ion is the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft dependant?

A

Ca2+

50
Q

_______ enters the terminal bouton via a Na+ symporter. It combines with _______ _______ __ to form acetylcholine. this reaction is catalysed by ______ ________________. ACh is concentrated in the synaptic vesicles by __________ ____ __________.

A

choline
acetyl coenzyme A
choline acetyltransferase
vesicular ACh transporter

51
Q

Arrival of an action potential at the terminal bouton causes the opening of voltage activated ____ ion channels.

A

Ca2+

52
Q

On the end plate the ACh binds to _________ ACh receptors allowing _____ influx and ____ efflux leading to an _____ ______ potential.

A

Nicotinic
Na+
K+
End Plate

53
Q

Each vesicle of ACh contains a ________ of neurotransmitter which creates a __________ end plate potential. A number of these combined produces an ____ _______ __________ which triggers an action potential when the threshold is reached.

A

Quantum
Miniature
end plate potential

54
Q

The presence of voltage gated ____ channels across the muscle fibre facilitates the propagation of the action potential across the whole muscle fibre

A

Na+

55
Q

What is a mass of protoplasm containing several nuclei known as?

A

Syncytium

56
Q 
The connective tissue that
surrounds the muscle as a
whole is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
the connective tissue around a
single fascicle is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and the connective tissue around
a single muscle fibre is the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

57
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibres called?

A

a fascicle

58
Q

Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle fibres found?

A

The periphery of the fibre beneath the sarcolemma

59
Q

What colour are type I and Type IIB fibres?

A

type I—-red fibres

type IIB—— white fibres

60
Q

How does the abundance of mitochondria and myoglobin vary between Type I and type IIB fibres.

A

Type I- abundant mitochondria and myoglobin

Type IIB- few mitochondria and less myoglobin

61
Q

What are immature chondrocytes known as?

A

Chondroblasts

62
Q

Chondrocytes are found in pockets within the extracellular space called _______.

A

Lacuna

63
Q

Hyaline cartilage appears ____-_____ in colour.

A

blue-white

64
Q

In utero Haemopoeisis occurs by the _____ and ______ and later moves to the bone marrow. By the early twenties haemopoeisis occurs only in the ____ skeleton and the ____ girdle.

A

liver
spleen
axial
limb

65
Q

65% of bone is made up of ________ which is a form of ______ __________then 25% collagen and 10% water

A

Bioapatite

calcium phosphate

66
Q

_______ bone is found in the shaft (diaphysis) whereas ____________ or ___________ bone is found in the ends of the bone (_________)

A

cortical
cancellous
trabecular
epiphysis

67
Q

Cortical bone is made up of layers of ________. A group of lamellae is known as an __________. at the centre of each osteon is a _________ canal. the transverse vessels are called _________ canals.

A

lamellae
osteon
Haversian
Volkmans

68
Q

How does trabecular bone differ histologically from cortical bone

A

Doesn’t possess Haversian canals

69
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells act as a reserve of

_____________. ___________ are bone forming cells. __________ are responsible for the destruction of bone.

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
osteoclasts

70
Q

The action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts constantly _______ bone

A

remodels

71
Q

Osteoblasts secrete _______ which becomes mineralised over time.

A

Osteoid

72
Q

After a break the remodelled bone is known as ________ bone.

A

woven

73
Q

What are pain receptors known as?

A

Nociceptors

74
Q

The _____________ tract is involved in pain perception.

A

Spinothalamic

75
Q

The two types of nociceptors are _______ fibres and _______ fibres. _______ fibres are myelinated while ___ fibres are unmyelinated therefore ______ fibres have a higher conductance velocity. ____ fibres respond to all noxious stimuli whereas ___ fibres only respond to noxious mechanical and heat stimuli.

A 
Adelta-fibres
C-fibres
Adelta
C
Adelta
C
Adelta
76
Q

Inflammatory pain is brought about by inflammatory _________. This results in heightened pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli (____________) and innocuous stimuli (________________).

A

mediators
hyperalgesia
allodynia

77
Q

Identify 5 different categories of physical pain

A 
nociceptive
inflammatory
referred
neuropathic
dysfunctional
78
Q

Define enthesis

A

The point at which ligaments/tendons join to a bone

79
Q

What makes up the tendons of muscles?

A

The combination of the perimysium and the epimysium

Musculoskeletal Block (10 decks)

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