week 1 - maps, cross sections, and graphs Flashcards
equator
great circle around the earth that includes all points equally distant from the poles
what do maps do? (3 things)
- provide valuable interface to explore the geography of the world
- incorporate quantifiable units
- represents geographic information, or other things like temperature and depth
parallels of latitude
small circles that are parallel to the equator
- poles at 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south
meridians of longitude
great circles perpendicular to the equator that intersect at the poles
- measure angles east and west of the prime meridian which is at 0 degrees longitude (right in the middle)
latitude
measured from 0 to 90, north and south of the equator
longitude
start at the prime meridian and go around the globe
- 0 to 180 from east to west
how many minutes in between latitude degrees?
60
cross sections
projections that are slices perpendicular to the surface of the earth
- presents a side view of the earth
- allows for description of the interior of the earth and subsurface of the oceans
vertical exaggeration
helps maximize the utility of cross sections across large distances
- to check if something is vertically exaggerated
- check the difference in size between 0 and 1 on the x and y axis
how to find how many times something is exaggerated
- find horizontal and vertical scales
scale = distance represented on map/distance represented on earth - measure representation physically and then divide by what it tells you
ex. 4.5 cm on paper/6 km on earth - vertical/horizontal scale
graphs
something to help visualize the relationship between two variables or more
- useful for 2D representations of data
interpolation
estimating a value from within the known data plot
extrapolation
estimating a value from beyond the known data plot
contour lines (5 important things)
lines connecting data points of equal value (on maps and cross sections)
- when depth is steeper, the lines are closer together and vice versa
- contour maps go up in elevation and bathymetric maps go downward in elevation
- bigger numbers are deeper in the ocean, smaller numbers are nearer to the surface
- if contour map is going up in elevation it is a valley
- if contour map is going down in elevation it is a ridge
three rules of contour maps
- contours never cross one another
- cannot be two different elevations or depths at the same time - contours can close itself
- v’s that point uphill are troughs or valleys, and the ones that point downhill are ridges
system of units (SI) prefixes GO
10/12 - tera
10/9 - giga (1,000,000,000)
10/6 - mega (1,000,000)
10/3 - kilo (1,000)
10/2 - hecto (100)
10/1 - deka (10)
10/-1 - deci (0.1)
10/-2 - centi (0.01)
10/-3 - milli (0.001)
10/-6 - micro (0.0001)
10/-9 - nano
10/-12 - pico
SI base units GO
length - meters (m)
mass - kilograms (kg)
time - second (s)
do three scientific notation questions GO
bathymetry
the measurement of depth of water in oceans, seas or lakes
equation to calculate volume
length x width x height
you have a million dollars due to a lucrative career as a geoscientist. how would you write this in scientific notation?
10/6
there are approximately 3.1 x 10 to the power of 4 undergraduates at ucla. how would you write the number in standard numeric form? (i.e. not scientific notation)
31,000 students
in a bathymetry map, contours connect lines of equal…
depth
on a map, the vertical scale is 2 cm/km, while the horizontal scale is 1 cm/10 km. what is the vertical exaggeration?
vertical scale - 2 cm/1 km = 2 cm/km
horizontal scale - 1 cm/10 km = 0.1 cm/km
scale - 2/0.1 = exaggerated by 20 times
if there were rapid change in elevation on a bathymetric map, how would the contours be spaced?
really close together, represents a very steep change
on a bathymetry map, in what direction would a ridge be pointing?
downward or downhill
