week 1 - maps, cross sections, and graphs

Question 1

equator

Answer 1

great circle around the earth that includes all points equally distant from the poles

Question 2

what do maps do? (3 things)

Answer 2

1. provide valuable interface to explore the geography of the world
2. incorporate quantifiable units
3. represents geographic information, or other things like temperature and depth

Question 3

parallels of latitude

Answer 3

small circles that are parallel to the equator
- poles at 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south

Question 4

meridians of longitude

Answer 4

great circles perpendicular to the equator that intersect at the poles
- measure angles east and west of the prime meridian which is at 0 degrees longitude (right in the middle)

Question 5

latitude

Answer 5

measured from 0 to 90, north and south of the equator

Question 6

longitude

Answer 6

start at the prime meridian and go around the globe
- 0 to 180 from east to west

Question 7

how many minutes in between latitude degrees?

Answer 7

60

Question 8

cross sections

Answer 8

projections that are slices perpendicular to the surface of the earth
- presents a side view of the earth
- allows for description of the interior of the earth and subsurface of the oceans

Question 9

vertical exaggeration

Answer 9

helps maximize the utility of cross sections across large distances
- to check if something is vertically exaggerated
- check the difference in size between 0 and 1 on the x and y axis

Question 10

how to find how many times something is exaggerated

Answer 10

1. find horizontal and vertical scales
   scale = distance represented on map/distance represented on earth
2. measure representation physically and then divide by what it tells you
   ex. 4.5 cm on paper/6 km on earth
3. vertical/horizontal scale

Question 11

graphs

Answer 11

something to help visualize the relationship between two variables or more
- useful for 2D representations of data

Question 12

interpolation

Answer 12

estimating a value from within the known data plot

Question 13

extrapolation

Answer 13

estimating a value from beyond the known data plot

Question 14

contour lines (5 important things)

Answer 14

lines connecting data points of equal value (on maps and cross sections)
- when depth is steeper, the lines are closer together and vice versa
- contour maps go up in elevation and bathymetric maps go downward in elevation
- bigger numbers are deeper in the ocean, smaller numbers are nearer to the surface
- if contour map is going up in elevation it is a valley
- if contour map is going down in elevation it is a ridge

Question 15

three rules of contour maps

Answer 15

1. contours never cross one another
   - cannot be two different elevations or depths at the same time
2. contours can close itself
3. v’s that point uphill are troughs or valleys, and the ones that point downhill are ridges

Question 16

system of units (SI) prefixes GO

Answer 16

10/12 - tera
10/9 - giga (1,000,000,000)
10/6 - mega (1,000,000)
10/3 - kilo (1,000)
10/2 - hecto (100)
10/1 - deka (10)
10/-1 - deci (0.1)
10/-2 - centi (0.01)
10/-3 - milli (0.001)
10/-6 - micro (0.0001)
10/-9 - nano
10/-12 - pico

Question 17

SI base units GO

Answer 17

length - meters (m)
mass - kilograms (kg)
time - second (s)

Question 18

do three scientific notation questions GO

Question 19

bathymetry

Answer 19

the measurement of depth of water in oceans, seas or lakes

Question 20

equation to calculate volume

Answer 20

length x width x height

Question 21

you have a million dollars due to a lucrative career as a geoscientist. how would you write this in scientific notation?

Answer 21

10/6

Question 22

there are approximately 3.1 x 10 to the power of 4 undergraduates at ucla. how would you write the number in standard numeric form? (i.e. not scientific notation)

Answer 22

31,000 students

Question 23

in a bathymetry map, contours connect lines of equal…

Answer 23

depth

Question 24

on a map, the vertical scale is 2 cm/km, while the horizontal scale is 1 cm/10 km. what is the vertical exaggeration?

Answer 24

vertical scale - 2 cm/1 km = 2 cm/km
horizontal scale - 1 cm/10 km = 0.1 cm/km

scale - 2/0.1 = exaggerated by 20 times

Question 25

if there were rapid change in elevation on a bathymetric map, how would the contours be spaced?

Answer 25

really close together, represents a very steep change

Question 26

on a bathymetry map, in what direction would a ridge be pointing?

Answer 26

downward or downhill