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Year 4 - Small Animal > Week 1 - Lung disease and pathology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Lung disease and pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures can respiratory disease affect?

A

Nasal cavities
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronci
Bronchiole
Alveoli

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2
Q

What structures are classed as the respiratory tract?

A

LUNG
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Repiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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3
Q

List the 6 categories of respiratory disease lesions

A

Congenital anomaly (e.g BOAS)
Metabolic disturbance
Circulatory disturbance Inflammation
Degeneration
Neoplasia

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4
Q

What type of lesion is this?

A

Congenital = cleft palate (palatoschiseis)

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5
Q

Define Aplasia

A

Lack of development of an organ

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6
Q

Define Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete development of an organ

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7
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

↑ size of cells

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8
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

↑ number of cells

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9
Q

Define Atrophy

A

↓ number/size of cell

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10
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells

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11
Q

What type of lesion is this?

A

Congenital abnormalities -> everted laryngeal saccules (BOAS)

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12
Q

What type of lesion is this?

A

Circulatory disturbances -> pulmonary oedema

Lungs distended by oedema fluid resulting in rounded edges and oedematous distention of the interlobular septa.

Marked reddening - vascular congestion

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13
Q

What condition is this?

(image of trachea)

A

Pulmonary oedema - large amounts of foamy fluid in trachea

Air (trachea) + fluid (lung) = FOAM

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14
Q

How do the alveolar appear on a radiograph when there is alveolar disease?

A

Alveolar are full of material and therefore appear with soft tissue density.

Material = blood, pus, oedema (not air)

Bronchograms are present = bronchioles still contain air and therefore are visible

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15
Q

What type of lesion in this?

A

Inflammation -> bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of bronchi and lungs

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16
Q

What are the three portals of entry into the lung?

A

Erogenous (inhalation)
- infectious agents, toxin gases, FB

Haematogenous (blood)
- infectious agents, toxins

Direct extension
- Penetrating wounds, migrating awns, bites, oesophagus rupture, diaphragm perforation

17
Q

What type of lung pattern is this?

A

Alveolar
- Alveoli have soft tissue opacity
- Air bronchrograms visible as bronchioles still filled with air

18
Q

What type of pneumonia is this?

A

Interstitial pneumonia

The inflammation takes place primarily in the alveolar walls and
the contiguous bronchiolar interstitium

Lungs fail to collapse when chest is open

Diffuse pathology

19
Q

What would the gross appearance of bronchopneumonia be on pathological exam?

A

Affected areas would be consolidated, firm and may have a red to grey colour.

The lungs could have a lobular pattern

20
Q

What would the gross appearance of aspiration pneumonia be on pathological exam?

A

Lung tissue may appear consolidated and discoloured (green, brown, or black), depending on the nature of the aspirated material (e.g., food, gastric acid, or regurgitated content).

21
Q

What would the gross appearance of granulomatous pneumonia be on pathological exam?

A

Nodular lesions of varying sizes scattered throughout the lungs.

The nodules may be firm and well-demarcated, sometimes with caseous necrosis in the centre.

22
Q

What would the gross appearance of embolic pneumonia be on pathological exam?

A

Emboli = small clots or septic material that are lodged in the pulmonary vasculature

Scattered foci of inflammation throughout the lungs.

These foci may vary in size and can sometimes resemble abscesses.

23
Q

What are two common interstitial diseases?

A
  1. Metastatic disease
  2. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (‘Westie lung’)
24
Q

What is the difference between metastatic disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

A

Metastases grow in the interstitial tissue

IPF = fibrous tissue is laid down IN interstitial tissue preventing has exchange

In both = the alveoli are still full of air

25
Q

What interstitial condition is this?

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

26
Q

What type of lesion is this?

A

Neoplasia (metastatic)

27
Q

What interstitial condition is this and what is the lung pattern?

A

Neoplasia

Nodular interstitial

28
Q

What condition is on the histology?

A

Interstitial pneumonia = inflammation in the structural spaces between the alveoli.

Note = the alveoli remain full of air

Amount of inflammation = increases distance oxygen has to travel = decreased gas exchange

Year 4 - Small Animal (15 decks)

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