Week 1 lecture 2- lifestyle Flashcards
Lifestyle definition
“Someone’s way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually do”
-60% of factors related to individual health and quality of
life are correlated with lifestyle
Lifestyle factors
Nutrition
Physical activity
Sleep
Relaxation
Smoking, alcohol, caffeine
Social activity
Screen time
Use of social media
Purpose
Spirituality
physical activity causes
-Increased brain volume
-Increased hippocampal volume
Education
Increases cognitive reserve
Dietary factors affect
Meat eaters and smokers linked to increased oxidative stress (imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants)
Vascular health and inflammation
Maintenance of neuronal membrane integrity
Lifestyle and psychiatric disorders
Poor lifestyle habits led to increase in obesity and mental illness and lower life expectancy
Biggest risk factor for dementia
Hearing loss
Hearing loss is connected to
Cardiovascular disease
Alzheimers & dementia
Diabetes
Hospitalization
Mortality
Chronic Kidney Disease
Falling
Depression
Impacting factors on gut microbiome
Diet
Pharmaceuticals
Geography
Lifecycle stages
Birthing process
Infant feeding method
Stress
Psychiatric disorders and nutrition
-Gut microbiome
communicates with the brain via cytokines and neurotransmitters
-Lifestyle factors
contribute to its health -Less microbiomal
diversity associated
with psychiatric illness
No guts no glory
- Cross-over dietintervention study in persons with
schizophrenia, bipoliar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease - 12 week nutritional program aimed at inflammation-reduction
- Whole-wheat products, fermented dairy, fish, vegetables, nuts and berries
VRelax study
In 50 persons receiving ambulatory treatment for anxiety, psychotic, depressive or bipolar disorder, use of the VRelax was associated with improvements in
anxiety, sadness and cheerfullness
Side effect of nauseas
Effect of exercise on brain
Increases size of hippocamus and gray matter volume
Improves memory
Physical activity in patients with dementia
Combined aerobic and nonaerobic had an effect
Aerobic only had an effect
Non aerobic had no effect
High frequency and low frequency had an effect
Psychosocial consequences that result directly from the effects of neurotoxicity
o Aggressive behaviors
o Fatigue
o Irritability
Psychosocial consequences that result indirectly from the effects of neurotoxicity as a consequence of behavioral challenges
o Loss of employment
o Marital distress
o Suicidal thoughts
o Loss of self-esteem
Causes of OSN
- Ten years or more of exposure to neurotoxic solvents at or above workplace exposure standards
- Accidental intake of solvents into the bloodstream is either via
o Direct absorption through the skin
o Inhalation - Solvents accidentally or purposefully ingested (e.g., in suicide attempts) are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
Amount of solvent retained depends on various factors
o Blood and tissue solubility of the solvent
o Its toxicity
o Diurnal metabolic cycles of the individual
o Alcohol use
o Possibly obesity (some solvents last longer in fat people than in thin people)
How can exposure level of solvent be measured
Urine
Blood
Exhaled air
Acute symptoms of OSN
o Nausea
o Loss of appetite
o Vomiting
o Severe headaches
o Confusion
o Light-headedness
o Dermatitis
Most of these resolve when people stop working with solvents
people who develop these symptoms don’t necessarily develop the chronic syndrome of OSN
What preexisting conditions may make some people more vulnerable to neurotoxic effects than others
o Genetic factors
o Systemic disease
o Other neurological conditions (e.g., alcohol related damage, closed head injury)
o Physical and psychiatric illnesses
Type 1 OSN
- The least severe presentation
- Characterized by subjective complaints of fatigue, irritability, depression, and episodes of anxiety
- No impairments are apparent on neuropsychological tests
- This type corresponds to the WHO classification of organic affective syndrome
- Is reversible on removal from the solvent
Type 2 OSN
- More severe and chronic than type 1
- Requires neuropsychological and clinical assessments to demonstrate chronic symptoms of neurotoxicity and cognitive impairments
- Diagnostic features include:
o Sustained personality or mood disturbances
o Fatigue
o Poor impulse control
o Poor motivation
o Impaired concentration, memory, and learning
o Psychomotor slowing - Not all symptoms are necessary for the diagnosis to be made
- Mild symptoms may be apparent after only 3 years of chronic industrial exposure,
o Period of 10 years or more of exposure is usual before symptoms become debilitating - Corresponds to the WHO classification of mild chronic toxic encephalopathy
- Although the term chronic indicates long-term changes, in some cases the symptoms may become less severe as the time since the last exposure to solvents lengthens
- Recovery may be enhanced by appropriate counseling or rehabilitation
Type 3 OSN
- A dementia
- Requires a global and progressive deterioration in memory, other intellectual functions, and emotion
- Corresponds to the WHO classification of severe chronic toxic encephalopathy
- Is irreversible
- This level of OSN is uncommon
- As safety standards in workplaces improve and self-employed workers become more aware of the importance of safety measures while using solvents, this level of OSN should become rare
Psychosocial characteristics of OSN victims
-Typically are men in their 30’s or older
-Usually skilled or semi-skilled
-Don’t want to give up their jobs, even when experiencing symptoms
-Appearance of victim at a health or counselling agency is usually precipitated by a crisis in marriage or work as a result of the effects of OSN
Psychosocial symptoms of OSN
-Fatigue, irritability, depression, anxiety, poor concentration, and memory impairments commonly cause problems in the client’s daily activities
-Hallucinations, confusion, inappropriate laughter, suicidal ideation, and emotional lability
-OSN from trichloroethylene (TCE) can result in severe agitated depression, sometimes accompanied by violent behaviours toward self and others
Symptoms of depression in OSN can be direct and indirect. Indirect causes of depression are:
poor memory
lowered sexual drive
fatigue, and low energy levels, resulting in marital stress, hypersensitivity to noise, constant headaches, and other physical symptoms that lower work capacity
Physical symptoms of OSN
unwarranted headaches
dizziness
sleep disturbances
poor appetite
alcohol intolerance
heart palpitations
feelings of oppression in the chest
painful tingling in some parts of the body
excessive perspiring
Neurological signs of OSN in more severe cases
- Toluene and TCE can cause peripheral neuropathy
- TCE can damage the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, which can result in trigeminal anesthesia (loss of sensation to the face, mouth, and teeth)
-diffuse cerebral encephalopathy
Symptoms of OSN similar to the postconcussional syndrome
Cognitive deficits in OSN
- Likely to perform poorly on tests that measure concentration, vigilance, psychomotor speed, reaction time, and memory for new material
-do poorly on complex tests of visuospatial perception and memory, and in more severe (but still type 2) cases, impaired abstract thinking, organization, and planning abilities may also be apparent
-unlikely to show impairment on tests of old, overlearned information (e.g., the meanings of words, general knowledge)
Strategies to lessen the effect of cognitive impairments
o Proper use of a diary to act as a memory aid is a simple strategy, but it very often fails unless the client is carefully instructed and monitored in its use until it becomes second nature
o Problems with planning and organizing can be alleviated with step-by-step instructions for various activities
- Monitor the intake of alcohol
- Counselling and therapy
Prevention of dementia
-Up to 1/3 of cases might be preventable
-Reduction of age-related incidence of dementia in high-income countries
Up to 35% of dementia cases can be prevented by modifying 9 risk factors:
o Low education
o Midlife hearing loss
o Obesity
o Hypertension
o Late life depression
o Smoking
o Physical inactivity
o Diabetes
o Social isolation
Prevalence of AD and related dementia
Expected to almost triple in next 30 yrs
Global costs of dementia
800 billion US dollars
Modifiable factors involved in the development of dementia
o (a) brain health in midlife (e.g., hypertension, obesity, smoking, physical activity)
o (b) cognitive ability and reserve (e.g., education)
o (c) performance in testing versus central damage (e.g., hearing loss)
o (d) prodromal or reverse causation (e.g., depression, social isolation, physical inactivity) that are sometimes specific to different parts of the life course
Most accepted hypothesis for the onset of AD nd other explanations
brain β-amyloid accumulation (association lessens with age)- Most accepted
Others- Tau accumulation, demyelination, neuroinflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and cerebrovascular changes
