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Clinical Neuropsych > Week 1 lecture 2- lifestyle > Flashcards

Week 1 lecture 2- lifestyle Flashcards

1
Q

Lifestyle definition

A

“Someone’s way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually do”
-60% of factors related to individual health and quality of
life are correlated with lifestyle

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2
Q

Lifestyle factors

A

Nutrition
Physical activity
Sleep
Relaxation
Smoking, alcohol, caffeine
Social activity
Screen time
Use of social media
Purpose
Spirituality

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3
Q

physical activity causes

A

-Increased brain volume
-Increased hippocampal volume

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4
Q

Education

A

Increases cognitive reserve

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5
Q

Dietary factors affect

A

Meat eaters and smokers linked to increased oxidative stress (imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants)
Vascular health and inflammation
Maintenance of neuronal membrane integrity

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6
Q

Lifestyle and psychiatric disorders

A

Poor lifestyle habits led to increase in obesity and mental illness and lower life expectancy

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7
Q

Biggest risk factor for dementia

A

Hearing loss

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8
Q

Hearing loss is connected to

A

Cardiovascular disease
Alzheimers & dementia
Diabetes
Hospitalization
Mortality
Chronic Kidney Disease
Falling
Depression

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9
Q

Impacting factors on gut microbiome

A

Diet
Pharmaceuticals
Geography
Lifecycle stages
Birthing process
Infant feeding method
Stress

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10
Q

Psychiatric disorders and nutrition

A

-Gut microbiome
communicates with the brain via cytokines and neurotransmitters
-Lifestyle factors
contribute to its health -Less microbiomal
diversity associated
with psychiatric illness

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11
Q

No guts no glory

A
  • Cross-over dietintervention study in persons with
    schizophrenia, bipoliar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
  • 12 week nutritional program aimed at inflammation-reduction
  • Whole-wheat products, fermented dairy, fish, vegetables, nuts and berries
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12
Q

VRelax study

A

In 50 persons receiving ambulatory treatment for anxiety, psychotic, depressive or bipolar disorder, use of the VRelax was associated with improvements in
anxiety, sadness and cheerfullness
Side effect of nauseas

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13
Q

Effect of exercise on brain

A

Increases size of hippocamus and gray matter volume
Improves memory

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14
Q

Physical activity in patients with dementia

A

Combined aerobic and nonaerobic had an effect
Aerobic only had an effect
Non aerobic had no effect
High frequency and low frequency had an effect

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15
Q

Psychosocial consequences that result directly from the effects of neurotoxicity

A

o Aggressive behaviors
o Fatigue
o Irritability

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16
Q

Psychosocial consequences that result indirectly from the effects of neurotoxicity as a consequence of behavioral challenges

A

o Loss of employment
o Marital distress
o Suicidal thoughts
o Loss of self-esteem

17
Q

Causes of OSN

A
  • Ten years or more of exposure to neurotoxic solvents at or above workplace exposure standards
  • Accidental intake of solvents into the bloodstream is either via
    o Direct absorption through the skin
    o Inhalation
  • Solvents accidentally or purposefully ingested (e.g., in suicide attempts) are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
18
Q

Amount of solvent retained depends on various factors

A

o Blood and tissue solubility of the solvent
o Its toxicity
o Diurnal metabolic cycles of the individual
o Alcohol use
o Possibly obesity (some solvents last longer in fat people than in thin people)

19
Q

How can exposure level of solvent be measured

A

Urine
Blood
Exhaled air

20
Q

Acute symptoms of OSN

A

o Nausea
o Loss of appetite
o Vomiting
o Severe headaches
o Confusion
o Light-headedness
o Dermatitis
Most of these resolve when people stop working with solvents
people who develop these symptoms don’t necessarily develop the chronic syndrome of OSN

21
Q

What preexisting conditions may make some people more vulnerable to neurotoxic effects than others

A

o Genetic factors
o Systemic disease
o Other neurological conditions (e.g., alcohol related damage, closed head injury)
o Physical and psychiatric illnesses

22
Q

Type 1 OSN

A
  • The least severe presentation
  • Characterized by subjective complaints of fatigue, irritability, depression, and episodes of anxiety
  • No impairments are apparent on neuropsychological tests
  • This type corresponds to the WHO classification of organic affective syndrome
  • Is reversible on removal from the solvent
23
Q

Type 2 OSN

A
  • More severe and chronic than type 1
  • Requires neuropsychological and clinical assessments to demonstrate chronic symptoms of neurotoxicity and cognitive impairments
  • Diagnostic features include:
    o Sustained personality or mood disturbances
    o Fatigue
    o Poor impulse control
    o Poor motivation
    o Impaired concentration, memory, and learning
    o Psychomotor slowing
  • Not all symptoms are necessary for the diagnosis to be made
  • Mild symptoms may be apparent after only 3 years of chronic industrial exposure,
    o Period of 10 years or more of exposure is usual before symptoms become debilitating
  • Corresponds to the WHO classification of mild chronic toxic encephalopathy
  • Although the term chronic indicates long-term changes, in some cases the symptoms may become less severe as the time since the last exposure to solvents lengthens
  • Recovery may be enhanced by appropriate counseling or rehabilitation
24
Q

Type 3 OSN

A
  • A dementia
  • Requires a global and progressive deterioration in memory, other intellectual functions, and emotion
  • Corresponds to the WHO classification of severe chronic toxic encephalopathy
  • Is irreversible
  • This level of OSN is uncommon
  • As safety standards in workplaces improve and self-employed workers become more aware of the importance of safety measures while using solvents, this level of OSN should become rare
25
Q

Psychosocial characteristics of OSN victims

A

-Typically are men in their 30’s or older
-Usually skilled or semi-skilled
-Don’t want to give up their jobs, even when experiencing symptoms
-Appearance of victim at a health or counselling agency is usually precipitated by a crisis in marriage or work as a result of the effects of OSN

26
Q

Psychosocial symptoms of OSN

A

-Fatigue, irritability, depression, anxiety, poor concentration, and memory impairments commonly cause problems in the client’s daily activities
-Hallucinations, confusion, inappropriate laughter, suicidal ideation, and emotional lability
-OSN from trichloroethylene (TCE) can result in severe agitated depression, sometimes accompanied by violent behaviours toward self and others

27
Q

Symptoms of depression in OSN can be direct and indirect. Indirect causes of depression are:

A

poor memory
lowered sexual drive
fatigue, and low energy levels, resulting in marital stress, hypersensitivity to noise, constant headaches, and other physical symptoms that lower work capacity

28
Q

Physical symptoms of OSN

A

unwarranted headaches
dizziness
sleep disturbances
poor appetite
alcohol intolerance
heart palpitations
feelings of oppression in the chest
painful tingling in some parts of the body
excessive perspiring

29
Q

Neurological signs of OSN in more severe cases

A
  • Toluene and TCE can cause peripheral neuropathy
  • TCE can damage the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, which can result in trigeminal anesthesia (loss of sensation to the face, mouth, and teeth)
    -diffuse cerebral encephalopathy
    Symptoms of OSN similar to the postconcussional syndrome
30
Q

Cognitive deficits in OSN

A
  • Likely to perform poorly on tests that measure concentration, vigilance, psychomotor speed, reaction time, and memory for new material
    -do poorly on complex tests of visuospatial perception and memory, and in more severe (but still type 2) cases, impaired abstract thinking, organization, and planning abilities may also be apparent
    -unlikely to show impairment on tests of old, overlearned information (e.g., the meanings of words, general knowledge)
31
Q

Strategies to lessen the effect of cognitive impairments

A

o Proper use of a diary to act as a memory aid is a simple strategy, but it very often fails unless the client is carefully instructed and monitored in its use until it becomes second nature
o Problems with planning and organizing can be alleviated with step-by-step instructions for various activities
- Monitor the intake of alcohol
- Counselling and therapy

32
Q

Prevention of dementia

A

-Up to 1/3 of cases might be preventable
-Reduction of age-related incidence of dementia in high-income countries

33
Q

Up to 35% of dementia cases can be prevented by modifying 9 risk factors:

A

o Low education
o Midlife hearing loss
o Obesity
o Hypertension
o Late life depression
o Smoking
o Physical inactivity
o Diabetes
o Social isolation

34
Q

Prevalence of AD and related dementia

A

Expected to almost triple in next 30 yrs

35
Q

Global costs of dementia

A

800 billion US dollars

36
Q

Modifiable factors involved in the development of dementia

A

o (a) brain health in midlife (e.g., hypertension, obesity, smoking, physical activity)
o (b) cognitive ability and reserve (e.g., education)
o (c) performance in testing versus central damage (e.g., hearing loss)
o (d) prodromal or reverse causation (e.g., depression, social isolation, physical inactivity) that are sometimes specific to different parts of the life course

37
Q

Most accepted hypothesis for the onset of AD nd other explanations

A

brain β-amyloid accumulation (association lessens with age)- Most accepted
Others- Tau accumulation, demyelination, neuroinflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and cerebrovascular changes

Clinical Neuropsych (10 decks)

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