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NUR 325 Funds of Pathopharm > Week 1 Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Week 1 Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What happens to drugs in the body

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A
  • Mechanism of action
  • Effects on the body

“What drug does to the body”

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4
Q

Chemical name (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol)

A
  • Long and complex

* Used in research

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5
Q

Generic name (acetaminophen)

A
  • Official name of drug
  • Only 1 generic name
  • Usually more complicated than trade name
  • Lower case
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6
Q

Trade name (Tylenol)

A
  • Brand name, given by pharmaceutical company
  • Easier to remember and pronounce
  • Upper case
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7
Q

Prototype

A
  • One drug – typically the first – that represents a group or class of medication
  • New drugs in the class are compared to the prototype
    - Effectiveness
    - Side effects

Examples:
- ibuprofen/Advil – represents the class NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
- Other manufactures of ibuprofen (Walgreens, Kroger, etc) get compared to
prototype

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8
Q

Therapeutic effects

A
  • Intended effects of the drug
  • What we want to happen

“Tylenol - pain relief, decrease temp”

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9
Q

Side effects

A
  • Unintended effects
  • Unavoidable

“Tylenol - upset stomach”

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10
Q

Toxicities

A

Harmful effects

“Levels of drug in system”

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11
Q

Adverse effects

A
  • Unexpected reaction

- Dangerous reaction

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12
Q

Allergic reaction

A
  • Unexpected
  • May be dangerous
  • Involves immune system response

“THINK - IMMUNE RESPONSE”

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13
Q

WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW WITH EACH MEDICATION?

A

Name: trade & generic names  only generic on test

Classification (drug class) : Given to describe a group of medications that work similarly [usually by mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or chemical structure]
BP meds: beta blockers, ace inhibitors

Mechanism of action: How the drug works in the body

Indications: Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?
Tylenol - pain relief, decrease temp.

Common/Serious Adverse Effects

Contraindications
Is there a reason someone should not take? Tylenol - liver failure

Nursing indications: what does the nurse need to worry about with this med? What should be assessed prior to giving this med? Are there any SERIOUS interactions? Is it a CYP drug? Sometimes contraindications are included in this section.

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14
Q

HOW ARE NEW DRUGS APPROVED?

A

Approved By the FDA
Chemical Identified, undergoes strict scientific Tests (Only 5 in 100,000 will eventually be marketed as drugs)

Preclinical trials – tested on lab ANIMALS for therapeutic and adverse effects

Phase I studies – HUMAN VOLUNTEERS are used to test the drug

Phase II studies – drug is tried on patients who have the DISEASE that the drug is designed to treat

Phase III studies – the drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET. Prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their patients closely. Unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market

Phase IV studies – CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA.

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15
Q

How are new drugs approved? Pre clinical trials:

A

tested on lab ANIMALS

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16
Q

How are new drugs approved? Phase 1:

A

HUMAN VOLUNTEERS used to test drug

17
Q

How are new drugs approved? Phase 2:

A

drug is tried on patients who have the DISEASE that the drug is designed to treat

18
Q

How are new drugs approved? Phase 3:

A

he drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET. Prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their patients closely. Unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market

19
Q

How are new drugs approved? Phase 4:

A

CONT. EVAL. by FDA

20
Q

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

A

Schedule 1- not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe
Heroin, LSD

Schedule 2- used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse
Narcotics, amphetamines
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), oxycodone
No refills allowed

Schedule 3- less potential for abuse
Non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants
Lortab, Vicodin

Schedule 4- Some potential for abuse
Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications
Xanax, valium, Ambien

Schedule 5- Low potential for abuse
Medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants,
usually antitussives
Cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing
medications

21
Q

Schedule 1

A

Not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe

Heroin, LSD

22
Q

Schedule 2

A

Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse
Narcotics, amphetamines
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), oxycodone
No refills allowed

23
Q

Schedule 3

A

Less potential for abuse
Non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants
Lortab, Vicodin

24
Q

Schedule 4

A

Some potential for abuse
Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications
Xanax, valium, Ambien

25
Q

Schedule 5

A

Low potential for abuse
Medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants,
usually antitussives
Cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing
medications

26
Q

OTC Meds

A

Consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY

Low risk of side effects and low abuse potential

Some OTC medications are available only behind pharmacy counter due to
abuse possibility:
Sudafed containing medications, narcan

27
Q

DIETARY AND HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS

A

Can only claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION
(not medical condition)
EX. St John’s Wort– affects emotional balance (not treat depression)

FDA only monitors POST-MARKET

Label restrictions on dietary and herbals

28
Q

ADVERSE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DRUGS AND HERBALS

A

Some herbals can increase the toxicity of prescription medication or cause decreased therapeutic effects

29
Q

TERATOGENS

A

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus
Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine

30
Q

Category A

A

Safe for fetus

31
Q

Category B

A

Lack of studies to show benefit/risk

32
Q

Category C

A

No studies, animal studies possible risk, talk to OB

33
Q

Category D

A

Drugs that have possible risk to the fetus. Talk to OB.

34
Q

Category X

A

Have KNOWN risk, CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit

Thalidomide, chemo, Retin A/isotretinoin

35
Q

PHARMACOGENOMICS

A

the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs

NUR 325 Funds of Pathopharm (10 decks)

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