Week 1 Intro to Immunity and Vaccines

Question 1

INFLAMMATION

Answer 1

• Occurs with cell injury

• Protective mechanism that begins healing process
  
  • Destroy invading and harmful agents
  • Limit the spread of harmful agents
  • Prepare damaged tissue for repair

• “-itis” commonly used to describe conditions with inflammation
(appendicitis, nephritis)

Question 2

Inflammation: SIGNS, CAUSES, TYPES

Answer 2

Signs (localized)
     • Redness
     • Swelling
     • Heat
     • Pain
     • Loss of function

Causes
• Exogenous (surgery, trauma, burns)
• Endogenous (tissue ischemia)

Types
• Acute
• Chronic

Question 3

EVENTS OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 3

• Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
• Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
• Leukocyte recruitment and emigration
  
  • Chemotaxis – process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue
• Phagocytosis of antigens and debris

Question 4

Exudate definition

Answer 4

fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris
• Vary in composition

Question 5

Serous

Answer 5

watery, low protein, mild inflammation

Question 6

Serosanguineous

Answer 6

pink-tinged fluid, small amount of RBC

Question 7

Purulent

Answer 7

severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris (abscesses – may require drainage)

CONCERNING

Question 8

Hemorrhagic

Answer 8

lots of RBC’s, most severe inflammation

Question 9

SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS

Answer 9

Cytokines lead to:
     • Fever
     • Increased neutrophils
     • Lethargy
     • Muscle catabolism

Question 10

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)

Answer 10

• Cluster of genes on chromosome 6
• AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
• Proteins made by these genes are on cell surfaces
  
  • Identify as self
  • 2 major classes: MHC Class I and Class I

Question 11

SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 11

• Recognizes foreign invaders
• Destroys foreign invaders
• Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive)
  
  • B-cells (humoral)
  • T-cells (cell-mediated)

• MHC – proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self

Question 12

HUMORAL IMMUNITY= ANTIBODY IMMUNITY

Answer 12

• B-cells
  * Memory cells – cells that remember exposure to antigen
  * Plasma cells – cells that secrete antibodies

Question 13

ANTIBODIES/IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Answer 13

• IgG – most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections
  * Previous infection or vaccination
• IgM – 10%, activates compliment for cytotoxic functions
  * Early, recent infections

• IgA – secretory functions, protects against infections

• IgD – trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and
differentiate

• IgE – role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast
cell degranulation

Question 14

Passive Immunity

Answer 14

• Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-
immunized person

• Mother to fetus
• Injection of antibodies

Question 15

Active immunity

Answer 15

• Protected state due to body’s own immune response.
• Active infection
• Vaccines

Question 16

VACCINES:

Traditional
Attenuated
Toxoids
Conjugagte

Answer 16

Traditional
• Inactive or killed organisms

Attenuated
• Weakened organisms
• Who should not be exposed to these?

Toxoids
• Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
• Tetanus

Conjugate
• Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to
stimulate response
• H. influenzae type B