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NUR 325 Funds of Pathopharm > Week 1 Intro to Infection > Flashcards

Week 1 Intro to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS AN INFECTION?

A
  • Colonization of a host by a MICROBIAL species
    • Can be localized= in a specific place
    • Systemic= spread to several regions/areas of the body
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2
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION?

A

Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions

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3
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? VIRUS

A

only DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell

Cannot do anything without host cell

Covid, AIDS, chicken pox, influenza

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4
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? BACTERIA

A

much larger than a virus, single-celled organisms

Reproduce inside or outside of cell, 1 strand of DNA

Strep, TB, UTIs

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5
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? FUNGI

A

spore-forming organisms

yeast infection

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6
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? PROTOZOA

A

live in water

malaria

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7
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? HELMINTHS

A

parasitic worms

round worms, hook worms

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8
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE AN INFECTION? PRIONS

A

proteinaceous infectious particles, only composed of protein

Mad Cow disease

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9
Q

Resorvoir

A

habitat where organism lives and grows

humans, animals, insects, environment

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10
Q

Direct vs indirect

A

Direct: Kissing, sex, direct contact w/ environment, droplets (pertussis,
meningitis)

Indirect: airborne (measles)

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11
Q

Vehicle vs Vector born

A

Vehicle: Food, h2o, blood. (food contaminated with Hep A)

Vector born: Mosquitos carry Malaria

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12
Q

HOW DO ORGANISMS GET INTO THE BODY?

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

  • Oropharynx & Nasopharynx
    • Bronchial airways, lungs, stomach and GI tract
  • Genitourinary tract
    • Urinary tract

• Bodies biggest barrier = SKIN

  • Translocation
    • Movement of bacteria across the intestinal lining
      • Occurs frequently in the PEROTINEAL cavity
      • Bloodstream
  • Blood
    • Blood transfusion contamination
    • Needle sticks
  • Maternal-Fetal Transmission
    • Cross the placental barrier and directly to fetus
    • Can occur during childbirth
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13
Q

STAGES OF INFECTION

A
  • Incubation period: mircroorganism gets in, first symptoms, growing
  • Prodromal stage: onset of non-specific syptoms
  • Acute stage: specific symptoms, can’t get out of bed
  • Convalescent stage: symptoms get better
  • Resolution phase: pathogen eliminated from body, exception –> chickenpox
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14
Q

The Infectious Process

A
  1. Injury
  2. Increased permeability
  3. Immigration of leukocytes
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Exudate
  6. Systemic Symptoms
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15
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: INJURY

A

• Initial insult to area occurs

  • Short period of vasoconstriction
    • To stop bleeding & prevent movement of invading organisms
  • Prolonged period of VASODILATION
    • Allows for blood to flow freely into area
    • Brings immune cells to the area
    • Contributes to symptoms of inflammation
      • Warmth, redness, swelling
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16
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: INCREASED PERMEABILITY

A
  • At site of injury:
    • Fluid pulled out of vascular space
      • **Because injury rarely occurs directly in vascular space (blood vessel)
    • Fluid moves out of vessel to the place of injury
17
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: IMMIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES

A

• From the fluid out of the vascular space neutrophils attracted to area of injury
• These neutrophils attach to the endothelium of injured cells and move
through into surrounding injured tissues
• Other cells involved: eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes

18
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

• Once leukocytes (white blood cells) make it to area of injury, PHAGOCYTOSIS
can occur
• Neutrophils and monocytes are the specific WBCs involved
• They recognized, engulf, and destroy invading organisms

19
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: EXUDATE

A

• Exudate: the ‘stuff’ that comes from fluid leaking from blood vessels, along
with cells and debris from phagocytosis
• Its’ purpose is to transport the leukocytes to injured area, dilute toxins that
might be present, and transport nutrients for the healing process

  • Types:
    • Serous
    • Serosanguinous
    • Purulent
    • Hemorrhagic
20
Q

INFECTIOUS PROCESS: SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS

A

• Can occur if infectious process doesn’t remain localized

  • Total body response stimulate the hypothalamic fever set point
    • Fever set point increases
      • Helps body conserve heat
      • Stimulates defense mechanisms to help rid body of organisms
      • In heat, some bacteria less virulent and divide slower
      • Improves our OWN immune system
        * Better neutrophil and macrophage function
        * Improves antibody release and T-cell activation
21
Q

Colonization vs infection

A

Colonization:
Inhabit a specific body site
Do not cause S/S of infection

Infection:
Clinical S/S of illness, inflammation
Caused by tissue damage r/t invasion of micro-organism

22
Q

CULTURES

A
  • Gram stain
    • Returned within hours
    • Takes a STAIN of the bacteria and shows whether gram (+) OR gram (-)
      * Also shows shape and arrangement
      * Ex. Gram (+) cocci in clusters
  • Culture and sensitivity
  • Takes at least 24 hours for a basic result
  • May take up to 72 hours for full identification and sensitivity pattern
23
Q

WHAT CAN YOU CULTURE?

A
  • Sputum
  • Urine
  • Blood
  • Aerobic and anaerobic bottles
  • Ideally 2 sets obtained
  • Ideally at least one a PERIPHERAL stick
  • High likelihood of skin contamination
24
Q

URINE CULTURE: URINALYSIS

A
  • Dipstick
    • pH 5.0-9.0 normal
  • Nitrites (normal negative)
    • Bacteria change nitrate into nitrites
    • So positive for nitrites  indicative of bacteria
  • Leukocyte esterase (normal negative)
    • Enzyme produced by WBCs
    • Indicates leukocytes in the urine and indicative of infection
  • Blood (normal <5)
  • If higher can be indicative of infection
25
Q

INFECTIONS WITHIN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING

A
  • Nosocomial –> infections that occur while in a healthcare facility
  • These infections are more virulent
  • Drug resistance HUGE problem
  • MRSA- methicillin resistant Staph aureus
    * Resistant to specific drug
  • CRE- Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
    * Resistant to entire class of medications

• MDRO- multi drug resistant organism

26
Q

SUPERINFECTIONS

A
  • New infection that occurs during treatment for a DIFFERENT infection
  • Typically caused by a resistant organism

• The antimicrobials we use to treat initial/primary infection, inhibit or kill
NORMAL helpful flora
• Typically occurs within the GI tract
• Skin or mucosal surfaces

27
Q

SUPERINFECTION: C DIFF

A
  • Normal intestinal flora killed by antimicrobial administration
  • C diff able to grow without normal control factor
  • What does it look like:
    * Diarrhea- orange like color, watery
    * Abdominal cramping and tenderness
    * Can occur days to months after antibiotic treatment
  • Identify with stool for C. diff toxin= PCR
    * NOT CULTURE
28
Q

How do you treat C Diff?

A

With PO/IV metronidazole (Flagyl) or po vancomycin

29
Q

What do you not give to C Diff patients?

A

antidiarrheal meds; until sure patient does not have C Diff

30
Q

Complications of C Diff

A
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
    • Life threatening
    • Dilation of the colon which may need decompression (air removal)
    • May require surgery
31
Q

SUPERINFECTION: CANDIDIASIS

A

• Antimicrobial agents kill normal flora along as the pathogens they are.
supposed too

  • Can cause an overgrowth of fungus
    • Typically occurs in the mucous membranes
      * Oral/vaginal
      * Thrush when it is in the mouth
  • Can also descend into the esophagus
  • Skin surfaces

• Try and prevent this
• Mycostatin- swish and spit anti-fungal medication
• Can also be in vaginal
suppositories
• Nystatin- antifungal powder
• Think athletes foot spray/powder

NUR 325 Funds of Pathopharm (10 decks)

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